The Paperclip Controversy
The paperclip is today a ubiquitous item in offices and homes the world over.
So who invented it?
One very popular false origin of the paperclip was that it was invented by Norwegian patent
office manager, Johan Vaaler.
He was even granted patents in Germany and the U.S. for a paperclip of similar design
as the Gem style paperclip, which is the most commonly used paperclip today.
However, Vaaler’s paperclip came after the Gem paperclip was already popular throughout
Europe.
His design was slightly different than the Gem paperclip in that it didn’t include
the all too critical second loop that makes the Gem style much more functional.
His paperclip had the papers inserted by lifting the outer wire slightly and pushing the papers
into the clip such that the rest of the clip stood out from the paper at a 90 degree angle,
which was necessary because of the lack of the critical second loop to allow the papers
to be more or less embedded in the clip flatly.
This also made it so the papers wouldn’t be held together very well as they relied
only on how bendable the wire used was to hold the papers.
The Gem style paperclip, on the other hand, exploits the torsion principle to help bind
papers together.
Vaaler’s design was never manufactured or sold and his patents eventually expired.
Why Vaaler gets the credit in so many places, including in many encyclopedias and dictionaries
after the 1950s, is largely thanks to a patent agency worker who was visiting Germany to
register Norwegian patents in the 1920s.
When he was doing so, he noticed Vaaler’s design for the paperclip and wrote an article
stating Vaaler was the original creator of the paperclip.
This misinformation found its way into encyclopedias around the 1950s thanks to WWII.
During WWII in Norway particularly, along with France and some other occupied countries,
the paperclip became a symbol of unity for those rebelling against the Germans.
It is not thought that the Norwegians did this because they thought a Norwegian had
invented the paperclip, but rather because it simply signified being bound together and
was useful as it wasn’t initially a banned symbol or item by the Germans and could be
easily clipped to one’s clothing.
Eventually, the Germans caught on and people were prohibited from wearing paperclips.
After the war, the fact that the Gem style paperclip had served as a symbol of unity
resulted in interest in the origin of the paperclip, at which point the article written
by the patent agency worker and the subsequent patent by Vaaler, who was now long dead, was
discovered.
It was overlooked, of course, that his design was different than the Gem style paperclip
and apparently they didn’t bother checking that the Gem style paperclip had already been
around by the time Vaaler patented his version of the paperclip.
It made a good story though, particularly after the war and how the paperclip was used
in Norway among other places, and so this false origin subsequently found its way into
many encyclopedias.
The myth is so popular, in fact, that a Gem style, 23 foot tall paperclip was placed near
a university in Oslo in 1989 to honor Vaaler, who in fact had nothing to do with the Gem
style paperclip design.
Further, a commemorative stamp was created honoring Vaaler that also depicted the Gem
style paperclip, not Vaaler’s design.
Another false origin of the modern day paperclip often attributes it to Herbert Spencer, who
was the man who came up with the term “survival of the fittest”.
He claims in his autobiography that he invented a pin that bound papers together.
This led to the false belief that he invented the paperclip.
In fact, though, his drawing of his binding pin looked more like a cotter pin and, thus,
held papers together more like Vaaler’s design.
Unlike Vaaler’s design though, this cotter pin style clip wouldn’t stick out nearly
as much and, thus, was a bit more functional.
So who really invented the paperclip as we know it today?
It is thought to have first been made by the Gem Manufacturing Company in Britain around
the 1870s and later introduced to the United States around the 1890s.
This is also why the Swedish word for paperclip is “gem”.
As for who within that company invented it, this isn’t known, as it was never patented.