Mapping and surveying professionals occasionally use the term datum
but what does it mean and why are datums important?
A datum is simply a standard reference point,
set of points or surface from which survey measurements are based.
It's similar to the starting point you use when giving someone directions to your house,
which usually include a point that they know, like
a crossroads or a prominent building. For surveyors
that starting point is usually a nearby survey mark. When adjoining properties
share these common starting points,
its easier to align them properly on a map. And when we all use a network of
these marks spanning the continent, we share one national spatial reference system.
For many decades we have had two types of nationwide datums in the United States:
horizontal and vertical, and they were generally separate from one another.
Horizontal datums allow us to measure distances
and directions across the surface of the earth.
Most horizontal datums define a zero line at the equator
from which we measure north and south. There is also a zero line at the
Greenwich Meridian
from which we measure east and west. Together
these lines provide a reference for latitude and longitude.
Vertical datum are used to measure elevations and water depth.
Sometimes the word height is used to refer to elevation information.
Most vertical datums in North America use sea level
as the basic reference plane from which we measure elevation changes.
Because sea level varies along the coast for a variety of reasons,
the idea of using multiple tide gauges to define the vertical datum was
abandoned in 1988
in favor of using just one tide gauge.
Now thanks to the Global Positioning System commonly known as GPS
and some other space-age techniques, we are no longer limited to separate
horizontal and vertical datums.
Today we have access to geometric datums, which combine
latitude/longitude, height and time information.
The height information derived from GPS is relative to something called an
ellipsoidal model of the earth
instead of to sea level.
While there are challenges mixing old and new positioning information,
overall, new technologies like GPS help to improve the accuracy of our current datums.
The North American datum of 1983, NAD 83,
is the nation's horizontal or geometric datum. It provides latitude and longitude
and some height information.
The North American vertical datum of 1988, NAVD 88,
is the nation's vertical datum, providing elevation information relative to a
reference surface defined by mean sea level.
US territories have separate vertical datums.
Unfortunately NAD 83 and NAVD 88 aren't the only datums you'll encounter.
Before the current datums were defined, many maps were created using different
starting points.
And even today, people continue to change datums in an effort to make them more accurate.
When combining data from different users or eras, it is important to transform
all information to a common datum.
Let's look at some examples of when and why using a consistent datum is important.
Datum are commonly referenced on federal flood plain and topographic maps.
Sometimes an older vertical datum for the United States is used
rather than NAVD 88.
In some areas in the country, especially in the West, differences between some
vertical datums can be as much as three to four feet.
This is pretty significant if you're trying to figure out if your house is in a
flood plain.
It's really important know which datum your heights are referenced to.
For any type of work where it's important for coordinates to be
consistent with each other,
it is critical that the same datum is used.
If you are creating flood plain maps, marking property or land boundaries,
designing levees or dams, building roads or planning for coastal inundation scenarios,
you must know about and use the correct datums.