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Male: Between the ancient Roman world
and the modern world, between the ancient
Roman emperors and Napolean, there was
really only one ruler that controlled
most of Western Europe.
Female: The person you're referring to
is Charlemagne or Charles the Great or Carolus Magnus.
He's a legend, really, Charlemagne.
Male: In fact, historians struggle because there
are so few fragments of information.
This is so long ago.
Female: We're talking about the late eighth
and ninth century. This is a really long time ago.
Male: On Christmas Day, in the year 800 exactly,
Charlemagne is crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome.
Female: This is a huge deal.
Male: The Roman emperors in the ancient world
had ruled from Rome until Constantine moved
the empire to Constantinople, what is now Istanbul.
So the center of power had shifted to the East
and now, in 800, 500 years after Constantine,
we have now an emperor in the West.
Female: But there's still an emperor in the East
who has moral authority. People still look
to that emperor in the East in the Byzantine Empire.
Let's think about what happened in Western Europe
that allowed for Charlemagne to become the new emperor.
Male: The first thing that's important to understand,
the Western Roman Empire basically fell apart.
Female: What we see beginning especially
in the fifth century is the dissolution
of the institutions of the Roman Empire.
The idea of the Roman Empire hangs on,
but its ability to govern comes apart.
Male: In order to understand what happened
in the Roman Empire in the West, you have
to recognize the pressure from a series
of invasions from people that the Romans
thought of as barbarians.
Female: These are a people who migrated into
the lands that were part of the Roman Empire.
You might know them as the Ostrogoths
and the Visigoths and the Huns.
One of those peoples were the Franks.
Male: This is not Franks as in France.
These are people that actually settled
in what is now Germany, what is now France.
Charlemagne was a Frank and if we go back
several centuries, we can see the beginning
of the kingdom of the Franks. In addition to
the Franks, there were also the Lombards.
This was another Germanic people, another group
who the Romans would have considered barbarians,
who had conquered Northern Italy.
Female: They were often threatening what was
the heart of the old Roman Empire, and that was Rome,
the Papal States. Now when I say Papal States
I mean the areas governed by the Pope.
We think about the Pope as a spiritual leader,
but back in the ninth century and actually
for many centuries, the Pope was also
a political leader.
Male: What's so interesting is that the Pope,
the papacy, would have traditionally looked
to the Byzantine emperor for protection
from people like the Lombards, but by the time
the Lombards were threatening Rome,
the Byzantine Empire was not strong enough
to defend Rome. So instead, the papacy looked North
to the kingdom of the Franks.
Female: Charlemagne, early in his career,
had been called on by the Pope at the time,
Pope Hadrian, to protect him and the papal lands.
Charlemagne was successful and actually
Charlemagne became king of the Lombards.
This dependence between the papacy
and the king of the Franks started
with Charlemagne's father, Pepin, who was given
the authority to rule by the Pope.
Male: There's this really interesting
reciprocal relationship between the Pope in Rome
and this Frankish king, Charlemagne, and his father,
and that is that the Pope is getting military
protection, and at the same time he's offering
a kind of legitimacy.
Female: What ends up happening is that you have
two very powerful figures in Western Europe,
and there will be a contest between these
two offices; later what will become
the Holy Roman emperor and the Pope,
actually for centuries to come.
But back to the story.
Male: To recap. We have the Byzantine Empire
in the East. We have the Pope ruling from Rome
over the Papal States in Central Italy.
We have Charlemagne, who's the king of the Franks,
ruling over a very large area encompassing
largely what is now France, what is now Germany,
and Northern Italy. Then surrounding all of these
players in the East, in North Africa to the South,
and even in the majority of Spain, you have Islam,
which is advancing quickly. In order to understand
how it is that this barbarian, this king of the Franks,
Charlemagne, is crowned as the emperor in 800,
we have to go back one year earlier, back to 799.
In 799 the Pope in Rome was Leo III. He was not
a particularly strong Pope. Part of the problem was
that he did not come from one of the traditional
powerful aristocratic families in Rome.
Female: Two men, officials in the church,
accused Pope Leo III of very serious charges.
They ambushed him and had the intention of
actually hurting him. They were going to
gouge out his eyes and cut off his tongue.
Male: In fact, according to some accounts,
they did, and somehow they were miraculously restored.
Female: There was a question. How would
this issue of the Pope being accused of these
serious crimes be resolved? The way to do that
was to go to Charlemagne.
Male: Right. Remember Charlemagne was the real
power in the region. He had ousted the Lombards
and he was in control of Northern Italy.
In order for them to put another Pope on the throne
of St. Peter, they needed Charlemagne's agreement.
We're not quite sure how this happens
but it seems likely that some of Charlemagne's
emissaries in Rome made it possible for the Pope
to be released and to have an audience
with Charlemagne in the North.
Female: Interestingly, Charlemagne, who was a brilliant
politician sent everybody back to Rome
for a kind of hearing. Pope Leo III declared
his innocence on an oath. The people who accused
him were exiled. Leo III was established, legitimately,
on the throne of St. Peter's as Pope.
Male: When Charlemagne enters into St. Peter's Basilica
on Christmas Day in the year 800 and Pope Leo III
puts the crown of the emperor on his head,
we know that everybody is getting a good deal.
The king of the Franks has become an emporer
and, of course, Leo is cementing his bond
with his protector.
Female: Obviously, the two men needed each other.
In fact, Leo III, when he was first made Pope
a few years earlier, sent Charlemagne the keys
to the relics of St. Peter and the banner
of the city of Rome.
Male: All of Europe was being realigned.
Now the capital of the Empire was not
a Mediterranean city, it was now in the North,
it was now in the city of Aachen.
We see this important shift as focus moves
from the Eastern Mediterranean to the North of Europe.
We begin to see the outlines of the modern
Europe that we know today.
Female: Charlemagne was not just a brilliant
warrior and politician, but also was a very serious
reformer and began what some historians call
the Carolingian Renaissance. The word
Carolingian refers to the reign of Charlemagne
and his successors. This is no Renaissance
on the scale of the Renaissance that will happen
in the 1400s in Italy and Northern Europe,
but it is a small flowering, renewal, a looking
back to the traditions of ancient Rome,
particularly looking back to the time of Constantine,
the first Christian Roman emperor.
Male: The West now had a Christian emperor who
in the West was establishing a Christian empire.
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