Hybrid Theory is the debut album by the American rock band Linkin Park, released on October
24, 2000 through Warner Bros. Records.
The album was a commercial success, having been certified Diamond for sales of over 10
million units in the United States alone as of 2010, peaking at number two on the Billboard
200, and also reaching high positions on other charts worldwide.
Recorded at NRG Recordings in North Hollywood, California, and produced by Don Gilmore, the
album's lyrical themes deal with problems lead vocalist Chester Bennington experienced
during his adolescence, including drug abuse and the constant fighting and divorce of his
parents.
Hybrid Theory takes its title from the previous name of the band as well as the concept of
music theory and combining different styles.
Four singles were released from the album: "One Step Closer", "Crawling", "Papercut",
and "In the End", all of them being responsible for launching Linkin Park into mainstream
popularity.
While "In the End" was the most successful of the four, all of the singles in the album
remain some of the band's most successful songs to date.
Although "Runaway", "Points of Authority", and "My December" from the special edition
bonus disc album were not released as singles, they were minor hits on alternative rock radio
stations thanks to the success of all of the band's singles and the album.
At the 2002 Grammy Awards, Hybrid Theory was nominated for Best Rock Album.
The album is listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
It was ranked #11 on Billboard's Hot 200 Albums of the Decade.
A special edition of Hybrid Theory was released March 11, 2002, a year and a half after its
original pressing.
Hybrid Theory has sold 27 million copies worldwide, which makes it the best selling debut album
of the 21st century.
Linkin Park performed the album in its entirety for the first time at the Download Festival
on June 14, 2014.
Background Linkin Park was founded in 1996 as the rap
rock band, Xero: lead guitarist Brad Delson, vocalist and rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda,
drummer Rob Bourdon, turntablist Joe Hahn, lead vocalist Mark Wakefield and bassist Dave
Farrell.
In 1998, after Wakefield's departure, lead vocalist Chester Bennington joined the five
members Xero and the band was renamed to Hybrid Theory.
Bennington's previous band, Grey Daze, had recently disbanded, so his lawyer recommended
him to Jeff Blue, vice president of A&R coordination for Zomba, who at the time was seeking a lead
vocalist for Xero.
Blue sent Bennington two tapes of Xero's unreleased recordings — one with vocals by former Xero
member Mark Wakefield, and the other with only the instrumental tracks — asking for
his "interpretation of the songs".
Bennington wrote and recorded new vocals over the instrumentals and sent the tapes back
to Blue.
As Delson recalls, "[Bennington] really was kind of the final piece of the puzzle [...] We
didn't see anything close to his talent in anybody else."
After Bennington joined, the group first renamed itself to Hybrid Theory and released a self-titled
EP.
Legal complications with Welsh electronic music group Hybrid prompted a second name
change, thus deciding on "Linkin Park".
Throughout 1999, Linkin Park was a regular act at the Los Angeles club, The Whisky.
Writing and recording The music that would ultimately become the
Hybrid Theory album was first produced by Linkin Park in 1999 as a nine-track demo tape.
The band sent this tape to various recording companies and played forty-two different showcases
for recording industry representatives, including performances for Los Angeles promoter and
impresario, Mike Galaxy's showcase at The Gig on melrose.
However, they were initially turned down by most of the major labels and several independent
record labels.
The band was signed by Warner Bros. Records in 1999, due in large part to the constant
recommendations of Jeff Blue, who had joined the label after resigning from Zomba.
Despite initial difficulties in finding a producer willing to take charge of the debut
album of a newly signed band, Don Gilmore ultimately agreed to head up the project,
with Andy Wallace hired as the mixer.
Recording sessions, which mostly involved re-recording the songs off the demo tape,
began at NRG Recordings in North Hollywood, California in early 2000 and lasted four weeks.
Shinoda's rapping sections in most of the songs were significantly altered from the
original, while most choruses remained largely unchanged.
Due to the absence of Dave Farrell and Kyle Christener, who took part in the 1999 extended
play, the band hired Scott Koziol and Ian Hornbeck as stand-in bassists; Delson also
played bass throughout most of the album.
The Dust Brothers provided additional beats for the track “With You”.
Bennington and Shinoda wrote the lyrics of Hybrid Theory based in part on early demos
with Mark Wakefield.
Shinoda characterized the lyrics as interpretations of universal feelings, emotions, and experiences,
and as “everyday emotions you talk about and think about.”
Bennington later described the songwriting experience to Rolling Stone magazine in early
2002: Composition
The music of Hybrid Theory draws from diverse inspirations.
Bennington's singing style is influenced by acts such as Depeche Mode and Stone Temple
Pilots, while the riffs and playing techniques of guitarist Brad Delson are modeled after
Deftones, Guns N' Roses, U2, and The Smiths.
Mike Shinoda's rapping, present in seven tracks, is very close to The Roots' style.
The lyrical content of the songs primarily touches upon the problems that Bennington
encountered during his childhood, including child abuse, constant and excessive drug and
alcohol abuse, the divorce of his parents, isolation, disappointments, and the aftermath
feelings of failed relationships.
The album eventually produced four singles.
"One Step Closer", the album's second track and first single, was gradually recorded in
increments after Linkin Park struggled with "Runaway", and features a guitar riff and
electronic percussion in the introduction transitioning into a bridge with distortion-heavy
guitars and aggressive drums.
It is also infamous for the "Shut up when I'm talkin' to you!"
refrain screamed by Bennington one minute and 48 seconds into the song.
The music video for "One Step Closer" was shot in a Los Angeles subway and became an
instant hit, eventually receiving heavy rotation on MTV and other music television networks.
Stand-in bassist Scott Koziol is shown performing with the band in the video.
The second single was "Crawling".
Lyrically, the song focuses on Bennington's personal experiences with child abuse — the
physical violence, the difficulty in breaking the cycle of abuse, and the subsequent loss
of self-esteem.
This concept is echoed in the music video, in which a girl is abused by her father and
can be seen in the beginning of the video with several visible bruises.
"Papercut" was the album's third single, and its lyrics describe paranoia.
The music video for "Papercut" features the band performing in a hallway opposite a completely
dark room on the walls of which are scribbled the song's lyrics.
Various supernatural themes are present in the video, and special effects are used to
create eerie renditions, such as the "stretching" of Shinoda's fingers and the “melting”
of Bourdon's face.
The fourth single to come from Hybrid Theory was "In the End", which prominently features
a signature piano riff performed by Shinoda.
His rapping also dominates the verses of the song and is later joined by Bennington's vocals
in the chorus.
The song's concept is mainly based on one person's failure.
It is considered symbolic of an ending relationship, however, it can also represent broken trust
in a once long-lasting friendship.
The music video for "In the End" was shot at various stops along the 2001 Ozzfest tour
and was directed by Nathan "Karma" Cox and the band's DJ Joe Hahn, who would go on to
direct many of Linkin Park's future videos.
Although the background for the "In the End" video was filmed in a California desert, the
band itself performed on a studio stage in Los Angeles, with prominent CGI effects and
compositing being used to create the finished version.
Performing on a studio stage allowed Hahn and Cox to set off water pipes above the stage
near the end and drench the band.
The music video won the Best Rock Video award at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards.
"Points of Authority", the fourth track on the album, has its own music video that can
be found on Frat Party at the Pankake Festival, the band's first DVD.
Drummer Rob Bourdon describes the recording process of the song: “Brad wrote this riff,
then went home.
Mike decided to cut it up into different pieces and rearranged them on the computer [...] Brad
had to learn his own part from the computer.”
Regarding the song, Delson praised Shinoda's skill, describing him as “a genius” and
“Trent Reznor-talented”.
On live performances of the song, when Shinoda raps the line, "Forfeit the game" verse for
the third time in the song, Bennington would rap the verse along with Mike.
Artwork With Hybrid Theory being Linkin Park's first
album, Mike Shinoda, who had worked as a graphic designer before becoming a professional musician,
has stated that the band had looked through books for inspiration on how to present themselves
for the first time.
The result was a winged-soldier which Shinoda illustrated himself.
According to Chester Bennington, the idea of the soldier with dragonfly wings was to
describe the blending of hard and soft musical elements by the use of the jaded looks of
the soldier and frail touches of the wings.
The cover also features scrambled lyrics of the album's songs within the background, though
the lyrics of "One Step Closer" are the most prominent.
A different version of the soldier can be seen on some of the album's singles.
The cover of Reanimation, a remix album of Hybrid Theory, features a robotic version
of the soldier that is similar in-appearance to a mobile suit Gundam, a line of robotic
combat machines that are featured in the Gundam Wing anime series, which achieved a high popularity
in the United States prior to the album's release.
Release Hybrid Theory was released in the United States
on October 24, 2000 following radio airplay of "One Step Closer".
Hybrid Theory also sold 50,000 copies in its first week, entering the U.S. Billboard 200
charts at #16 in late 2000, and was certified gold by the RIAA five weeks after its release.
In 2001, Hybrid Theory sold 4.8 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling
album of the year, and it was estimated that the album continued selling 100,000 copies
per week in early 2002.
Throughout the following years, the album continued to sell at a fast pace and was certified
diamond by the RIAA in 2005 for shipment of 10 million copies in the US.
As of June 2014, the album has sold 10,222,000 copies in the US.
Four singles from the album were released throughout 2001, three of which were chart
successes on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks charts.
The single "In the End" was the highest charting single from the album, which peaked at #1
on the Modern Rock Tracks charts and appearing on charts worldwide.
The success of "In the End" was partly responsible for Hybrid Theory's chart success; it reached
#2 in the Billboard 200 in early 2002 behind Weathered by Creed and by J to tha L–O!:
The Remixes by Jennifer Lopez.
Hybrid Theory was the 11th best performing album on the Billboard 200 during the decade,
the album reached the top ten in its 38th week on the chart and stayed in the top ten
for 34 weeks.
The album spent 105 weeks on the chartand re entered at #167 in February 2011.
The album also charted in 11 other countries at fairly high positions and ranked among
the top ten in the charts of the United Kingdom, Sweden, New Zealand, Austria, Finland, and
Switzerland.
At the 44th Grammy Awards in 2002, Linkin Park won Best Hard Rock Performance for their
song "Crawling".
Additional nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album lost out to Alicia Keys
and All That You Can't Leave Behind by U2.
Following the success of Hybrid Theory, Linkin Park received invitations to perform at various
rock concerts and tours, including Ozzfest, the Family Values Tour, KROQ-FM's Almost Acoustic
Christmas, and the band's self-created tour, Projekt Revolution, which was headlined by
Linkin Park and featured other bands such as Cypress Hill and Adema.
During this time, Linkin Park reunited with their original bassist, Dave “Phoenix”
Farrell.
The band kept an online journal on their official website throughout their 2001 and 2002 touring
regime, in which each band member made a respective notation.
Although the notes are no longer on their website, they are available on fansites.
Linkin Park played 324 shows in 2001.
Special editions A two-disc special edition of Hybrid Theory
was released on March 11, 2002 in Asia.
The first disc contains the original album, and the second disc features live performances
of "Papercut", "Points of Authority", and "A Place for My Head" recorded at the Docklands
Arena for BBC Radio 1.
Also featured on the second disc are two studio tracks: "My December" — a song written after
the release of Hybrid Theory for inclusion on KROQ's "Slim Santa" CD, and "High Voltage",
a remix of the song originally on the Hybrid Theory EP.
Reception Hybrid Theory received generally positive
reviews from critics.
Stephanie Dickison of PopMatters commented that the band was a "far more complex and
talented group than the hard rock boy bands of late", and claimed that "they will continue
to fascinate and challenge music's standard sounds."
Q magazine gave Hybrid Theory four out of five stars.
Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote that “the men don't know what the angry
boys understand”, and gave the album a "two-star honorable mention rating", citing "Papercut"
and "Points of Authority" as highlights of the album.
Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone gave the album two and a half stars and commented that Hybrid
Theory had "as much potency as albums by Limp Bizkit or Korn" and called it an album that
"reflects the frustration of life".
AllMusic writer William Ruhlmann said that "Linkin Park sounds like a Johnny-come-lately
to an already overdone musical style" and called "One Step Closer" "a typical effort",
referring to the lyrics of the song's chorus.
Johan Wippsson from Melodic praised Don Gilmore's production and described the albums as "destructive
and angry but always with a well controlled melodic feeling all over."
NME's Noel Gardner commented that "otherwise damn fine soaring emo-crunchers like 'With
You' and 'A Place for My Head' are pointlessly jazzed up with tokenistic scratching," giving
the album a score of six out of ten.
Tyler Fisher at Sputnikmusic gave the album a 3.0/5, saying "Hybrid Theory stands as a
defining mainstream album at the turn of the century, and for good reason.", but calling
the guitar riffs "often bland and unoriginal".
Mike Ross of Jam!
declares the albums as a combination of the best of hip hop and heavy metal.
He goes on to state "...they can actually rap.
They can actually crank out a ferocious, head-banging groove.
They can write introspective lyrics with intelligence.
It adds up to one of the finest new rap metal bands I've ever heard."
Later in 2002, Linkin Park released an album entitled Reanimation.
It included the songs of Hybrid Theory remixed and reinterpreted by nu metal and underground
hip hop artists.
Contributors to the album included Black Thought, Pharoahe Monch, Jonathan Davis, Stephen Carpenter,
and Aaron Lewis.
The sound of later Linkin Park albums would involve experimentation with classical instruments
such as strings and piano, both of which, along with the same elements of electronica
from Hybrid Theory, are prominently included in the band's second studio album Meteora.
As Shinoda explains the difference in the sound between Hybrid Theory and Meteora: "That
electronic element has always been there in the band – it's just that sometimes we bring
it closer to the front."
Accolades Hybrid Theory found itself in several "must
have" lists that were compiled by various music publications, networks, and other media.
In 2012, Rock Sound named Hybrid Theory the best modern classic album of the last 15 years.
In 2013, Loudwire ranked it at #10 in its Best Hard Rock Debut Albums list.
Some of the more prominent of these lists to feature Hybrid Theory are shown below:
* denotes an unordered list Track listing
Personnel Charts and certifications
Singles An en-dash denotes countries in which the
singles were not released or did not chart.
References
External links Hybrid Theory at MusicBrainz