(intro music)
Hello! My name is Elmar Kremer. I'm a professor emeritus of philosophy
at the University of Toronto.
In the last session, I set forth
the philosophical approach to the nature of god known as "classical theism,"
and contrasted it with the main modern
alternative known as "theistic personalism."
In this segment, I want to go on to an argument in favor of classical theism.
It begins with the premise that god is the first being, in the sense
that all other things depend on god, and god does not depend on anything.
It follows that
(Proposition One) god causes the entire world of dependent things ex nihilo.
It also follows that god is simple, i.e., not composite in any way.
Proposition 2 follows because, in Aquinas' words,
“every composite is posterior to its component parts and dependent on them.”
>From the first two propositions, it follows that
(Proposition Three) there is only one causal act in god, and
by it he causes ex nihilo whatever exists apart from himself.
Therefore, god and a creature are not causes in the same sense of the word.
But god causes as a person, that is, causes intelligently and voluntarily.
It follows that god and a creature are not persons in the same sense of the word.
Proposition five is sufficient to show that theistic personalism is mistaken.
But it does not yet establish the more general claim that
no positive descriptive expression is true of god and creatures in the same sense.
To establish that more general claim is no easy task.
But according to Aquinas, if a positive description is true of a creature,
the property or perfection it signifies
exists in the creature as distinct from other properties,
whereas proposition two makes it clear that
all perfections exist in god in a united way.
For example, when we apply the term “wise” to man, Aquinas says, we signify
some perfection distinct from a man's essence, and distinct from his power and
existence and from all similar things.
By contrast, god's wisdom is not distinct from his essence or power or existence.
Hence, the expression “is wise,” or any other positive description, can not be
true of god and a creature in the same sense.
By this argument, we've arrived at
(Proposition Six) no positive descriptive expression is true of god
and a creature in exactly the same sense.
Let me then, next, consider some objections to classical theism.
The first can be summed up in a slogan:
“The god of the classical theists is not the god of the bible.”
The second objection is that classical theism makes god so mysterious that
we can not think about him in a coherent way.
If either argument is sound, then obviously classical theism is not
an acceptable way of thinking about the god of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
In raising the first objection, theistic personalists do not deny that many
of the statements about god in the bible are metaphorical.
Classical theists agree that many
statements about god in the bible are metaphorical.
They also agree that some are not metaphorical, including
the statement that god loves the world.
But they hold that the non-metaphorical
statements must be read in the light of the
difference between god and created things.
This view is born out by the meaning of the word “loves.”
Love enriches and fulfills human beings.
It is what we are made for.
But love does not enrich or fulfill god.
For god, as the classical theist Robert Sokolowski puts it,
"is capable of existing in undiminished goodness
"and greatness even if the world had not been.”
In this view, god's love is not an enrichment of god, but rather the pure
overflow of god's goodness, something quite unlike love in any created being.
Turning to the second objection, classical theists agree
that god is mysterious and cannot be comprehended.
But that god is mysterious does not mean
he cannot be thought about in a coherent way.
Rather, it means that our understanding will
never be equal to or exhaust what god is.
Many philosophers, including Descartes,
have thought that human freedom is also mysterious in that way.
Aquinas and Descartes compare our inability to comprehend god conceptually
with our inability to embrace a mountain.
You can touch a mountain, but you can't get your arms around it.
It remains possible, according to classical theism, that god should
reveal truths about himself that human beings could never discover by the use of
their natural cognitive abilities.
Christian classical theists believe that all of revelation can be found
in the bible, if it is properly interpreted.
But, to quote Sokolowski again, they also believe that "the most fundamental
"intellectual requirement for understanding
"the bible is that it be read in the light
"of the Christian distinction between god and the world."
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