Supernova, is it going to destroy our beautiful planet Earth at some point in the future
Or are we actually safe from such an event?
Today we're going to be talking about the possibility of Earth being destroyed by a Supernova
Or what may happen sometime in the future to one of the stars and near us welcome to what da math
Today we're going to talk about the end of the world or the possibility of such thing
And I think the best thing I can do right now is start by basically
Telling you that our sun is not going to go through a supernova, our sun is going to have a much much smaller event
Some time five possibly six billion years from now
[that] will not actually affect our earth as much as this particular event that you're about to see
And so the chance of a Supernova from our own sun is
Non-existent basically it's not going to happen
But there is still a chance that there might be a star near us
That has a potential [for] such an event in other words
There is possibly and actually very likely a star that is not very far away from us that may actually do this
boil our Earth and
Destroy all [of] the life on it. Now can it happen will it happen well let's actually try to analyze this mathematically
Scientifically and try to figure out if we are going to be in danger at some point in the future
so let's actually start the simulation from scratch because like I said before our sun is never going to have this and
Having actually looked at all of the stars near our solar system
I found that there is at least one star
That had a chance for a Supernova [as] a matter of fact there is a star in a binary star system called this
IK Pegasi and this star is also known as HR8210
This is a binary star. That's approximately
150 [Light-Years] away from our sun currently, and it's in a very interesting binary system. Now this is actually the
closest known candidate for a chance of a Supernova
I'm going to talk more about Supernovas in one of the future videos where I'll tell you about different types
But this particular star is actually the only star we know that may
Possibly Undergo Supernova anytime from now to approximately [ten] 10 million years from now
so in the next 10 million years it might actually have a Supernova event and
HR8210 is actually present in the universe and works [too], but unfortunately it's not a binary started it is in reality
It only shows you the bigger companion. Which is a main-sequence star that looks like this
It's about two masses of the sun
But the interesting thing about this [particular] star also known as IK Pegasi is that it actually has a white dwarf companion
Very close to it
And this is actually a more realistic
Representation of what the system looks like so there's a central main sequence star in the middle, and there is a much smaller white dwarf
Right next to it and these particular stars orbit around each other creating a berry [center] right here
[right] there
So there are basically orbiting around [on] one another and they have a relatively circular orbit in a sense that [there] basically don't really deviate
Too much from each other, and they don't have much eccentricity and they've been doing this for Millions and possibly even billions of years
From the time when this star was actually a much bigger. Main sequence star itself this actually used to be a star
That was possibly as much as eight times the mass of sun, but then this lost its shell and argon
what's known as a nova event which is what will happen to our sun as well lost its outer shell and
basically became a white dwarf this is this is something that will happen to [our] sun as well in the future and
Will also happen to many many different stars including this one here, but [here's] the interesting thing though
And I kind of wonder if I can possibly ??? this here, but basically in the future sometime
after a few million years as IK Pegasi a actually
Gets older it will eventually start expanding and will start
Growing larger and larger and larger [something] that will happen to our sun as well now we can [actually] simulate this by basically
increasing its age right here to make it a
Sort of look like what it would look like in the future, so you'll see that it is actually going to start
larger in size and
Here you go now. This is actually showing you hundreds of millions of years
But according to our calculation this will not be that long it will actually very likely
Happen within the next ten million years or possibly even sooner now when this happen at some point
It's going to get so large that it's actual outer shell will be
intersecting with the orbit of this other
Star and this other star will actually start absorbing some of its mass in other words. It will start growing bigger
It will start growing more massive. So the white dwarf will actually start eating up its
larger cousin or its larger sister or brother and
Will actually get even bigger than this to the point where the entire shell will cover this whole thing whole orbital path and so
Eventually it will basically cover the star and that other star will start absorbing
And this is what will happen absorbing its mass, and this will very likely cause a Supernova inside the white dwarf now
There's a reason for that, and it's actually very interesting
I'm going to talk about this concept in the next video because it's a concept that deserves its own video. It's something called
Chandrasekhar Limit, [this] is actually named after a
relatively famous
Indian mathematician that came up with this one. He was only 19 years old
He actually was able to prove that there is a limit for every white dwarf where if it's below this limit
It will stay stable if it's below this particular, [Mass]
I'm going to use Sirius B here just to show you what I'm talking about let's play series B
because that's a a white dwarf and
So Sirius B. Currently has a mass of approximately
0.9 suns now if this limit gets to about
1.4 masses of sun, which is actually or actually 1.39 if it's about 1.3. 9 masses of sun
It will still be stable, but as soon as it absorbs a little bit more
Mass and as soon as it goes as soon as it basically
Goes over that limit that's what happens Supernova now. This is a concept we'll talk about in the next video, but basically
because of this
there's a very likely chance that I kps I be
Will actually create a supernova sometime in the future now this star is about
[115] light Years away from us right now, and so what I wanted to investigate is if we're actually in danger
Of being destroyed by this particular event so let's actually recreate this using a regular simulation right here. We're going to place
I keep it as I [am] and B
And we're not also going to cause a the smaller start to go into [Supernova] by basically
Increasing the size of its partner stars, so there we go as soon as the partner size increases to a certain limit
That's what is going to happen there. We go. So it's going to cover
Everything here and as soon as I start a game Supernova
so that will we know that this will very likely happen in this star and
Obviously in some time in [the] future. We'll also be able to see this in our night sky [now]
We're going to zoom in to Earth now
Where is our beautiful planet and just observe this event in a distance for now now?
The question I guess I have is if it's at this distance from us and let's actually just find it
Where is it and it's actually still right [there] barely visible to us
We'll have to advance time a little bit more [before] we can see it
So yes if this event occurs, and if we actually are still in our planet Earth
Are we going to basically die and let's find out if we're actually in danger
So we're going to run the simulation [advance] time, and I just want you to look at the date here, so right now. It's
2020 and I'll just say that they happen today
We're actually you know we're looking at night sky, and we see that there is a Supernova in that particular star
That's 150 light years away from us within the next Few years
This is only year 7 it will grow larger and larger and will actually expand at about [10] percent of the speed of light
I'm going to wait and see until this thing gets to our solar system, and then would like to actually see if
We're in any danger at all
So if you know, what will actually happen so basically we're going to accelerate time here and just run this for a Few years until
This beautiful Supernova gets here now. It's really
2070 I'm going to be really really old by then
2080 Hopefully still alive still looking in the sky
the Air is 20
110 I think many of us are really really old and possibly already dead
And the Supernova is growing exponentially large in our night sky our night
Sky is [really] very very beautiful right now, but at the same time. We're probably very very scared about
What is going to happen to us will we die or will we live so the Supernova itself will actually?
Be visible to us we before it actually gets here
So we'll actually see the light well
We'll get to detect all of these various types of radiation and this is by itself is not particularly dangerous
but the shell when it gets to our solar system might actually cause a lot of damage and
Depending on the distance we are from it when it occurs
We might be actually in trouble
so this is what I wanted to investigate and see if
Our planet is in any danger at all because there are different types of Supernova because there are different causes for Supernova
It's also very likely that
Another type of a Supernova might occur before this one and so the chances for a Supernova in the vicinity of our particular
Solar system are not very low
I mean
they're they're actually there the chances [are] there and so we might be [able] to see a
Supernova event even in our lifetime even though it's the last one actually happened many hundreds of years ago
We still might be able to see one that's relatively close to us so as you can see right now
It's much much larger than our night sky now, but by itself
It's actually still pretty far away, so if I were to zoom out you can see that
It's not even halfway there yet and the [year] is already
2400 so obviously none of us are around anymore, so even if it happens today by the time it gets to our planet
your gran Gran Gran Gran Gran Gran Gran children
will still not even be in any danger at all because it's not there yet and
It would it will actually take several thousand years for any of these particles to even get to our solar system
So that's what I kind of wanted to show you that even if the Supernova occurs today, and you see it in the night
Sky by the time it actually gets to our solar system
and by the time it has any effect on our planet, [it's]
going to be
many many thousands if not Millions
Years in the future, it's now [900] years and we're still running the set a relatively fast pace
And this is where the first of the particles might actually be able to reach our solar system, and we might start seeing some effects
On our planet and in our solar system, [but] these effects will not be particular dramatic it certainly it's this other stuff
That's a very very energetic very super massively
energetic and that they actually potentially may cause
Our atmosphere [to] burn burn out and our water to evaporate that
very likely be able to reach our planet in the future, but depending on how far the
Supernova of K PsI occurs from us. We might still be actually not in danger also because I [initiate] the Supernova
right now, but we also know [that] this particular star is actually moving away from us, [so]
but when it might not actually go Supernova or and if it goes Supernova
It might be way way more far away [from] us as a matter of fact the current estimate is at about
500 Light years, So I
Donated or I initiated Supernova a lot a lot sooner than it will occur in reality
But let's actually just wait for all the stuff to get to [our] solar system and let's see what happens
So this is the first particles that actually
Approach our solar system. [we'll] start witnessing some sort of fact very likely a lot of things like
Northern Lights and Southern lights and basically all kinds of atmospheric effects will increase
because all [of] this is essentially very highly energized particles moving relatively fast and to some extent similar to
Solar flares that we experience on Earth, but if you look on our planet, if you actually look at the earth, it's you know
It's not different yet
nothing really happened here yet, so everyone is still alive everyone is still well even 1,500 years after the Supernova and
the year now is
4500 I'm going to slow down time just to show [you] if
Anything happened to our planet Earth let's zoom in here because a lot of these particles have already actually made it to the solar system
and are maybe affecting [our] planet the answer to that is let's actually just look at the
Climate itself just so that we can actually see what's going on here and here we go
So you can see nothing is really different. We still have winters will still have summers
We still have water and the atmosphere [as] well, so nothing [really] changed just yet
[let's] accelerate time a little bit more and
So what this suggests is that and this is actually what we know about the Supernova in general is [that]?
If the Supernova occurs relatively far away from us even [though] it's going to be so gorgeous and so beautiful
thousands of Years afterwards
[it's] very likely
Life on Earth will not really be affected. So we know today that for a Supernova to actually cause a
Potential extinction event you know in our solar system and basically on Earth it must be closer than about 10 parsecs
Which is about 30 light years this star?
went Supernova at about 150 light [years]
Which is five times as far away, so within 10 parsecs within 30 light years or I guess 32 light years
The chance for a potential damage and potential destruction is high, but if it's anywhere
More than that if it's more than 35 light years for example
Then it's it's going to be very [beautiful] it may have some minor effects it might have
some atmospheric effects like a lot of
Aurora borealis effects well our sky might actually light up and look very very gorgeous
but it may [not] really have any major harm to any kind of terrestrial biosphere or
Our planet essentially so you know if there are humans still around in about 3000 years when it's here almost [5,000]
They [will] just witness this beautiful event, but nothing else will happen so I'm going to actually run this for
Until at least year 10,000 just to see if anything actually occurs and the year is now ten thousand four hundred five hundred
So let's slow down
Actually, [let's] just zoom out first and see what this looks like so yeah
We're almost in the middle of the Supernova event and our entire sky is essentially covered in this beautiful
shiny
and very highly energetic
Event and so we might not not even be [able] to see some of the stars anymore because this is proudly bright
This is pretty right, but if we're zooming on Earth
nothing changed everything is just as it [should] be so
this kind of gives me an answer and hopefully gives you an answer of
What would happen if a Supernova event occurs in a relatively close environment to our planet?
And when I say close, I mean within about hundred light-years from us and this particular star. [I] covered before also known as
HR8210 or IK Pegasi is
Essentially the very likely candidate for the next Supernova event in our vicinity and me actually
Make our sky look like this in some in some relatively close future possibly thousands of years possibly millions of years
but very likely about ten million years from now, and if this happens
You should know that you have nothing to worry about even if you're still around and somehow
humanity survives that long and we're all immortal and super knowledgeable beings if however if however
We are not around obviously our descendants our grand grand Grand Grand Children have nothing to worry about
Anyway, thank you so much for watching hopefully you enjoy this video [and] next week, we're going to talk more about
the idea of Supernova and also
Chandrasekhar Limit, which is kind of important to explore as well
Thank you for watching subscribe if you still haven't [liked] this video share it with your friends or anyone else you think may like to
Watch space videos, and I'll see you in the next video gimme later guys and as always bye. Bye