Workholding is a term used when manufacturing products,
but not everyone is aware of what this entails.
Workholding at its purest form is simply securing a workpiece
to allow for machining or other similar industrial processes
to be done in a uniform and repeatable fashion.
The introduction of basic workholding methods like locating and clamping
paved the way for high volume assembly and manufacturing lines,
as parts were able to be reproduced accurately in mass quantities.
In order to ensure that a workpiece is held securely and won't shift during machining or processing,
a workholding assembly needs to prevent movement in 12 different directions, or "Degrees of Freedom."
These include 3 axes of both translational and rotational motion.
Translational degrees of freedom up, down, left, right, front, and back,
while rotational degrees of freedom are classified as pitch, roll, and yaw,
with clockwise and counter-clockwise directions available for each type of rotation.
When designing a workholding unit,
consider each degree of freedom and how to limit the motion in that direction
until all degrees of freedom have been restricted.
The amount of restriction to each degree of freedom
will dictate how repeatable, or how flexible, a particular workholding unit can be.
Typically, a workholding unit is referred to as a jig or a fixture,
depending on whether the assembly is being used to guide a tool or operation,
like drilling, tapping, or assembly of dowel pins,
or is simply holding the workpiece in place, relative to the cutting tool or operation.
Jigs and fixtures fall into on of 4 categories,
depending on the number of workpieces it will be used for, as well as the permanence of the fixture.
A very unique one-off part might use a temporary general-purpose fixture
often using clamps, vises, or tools which are available in the workspace at the time
but not designed specifically for the piece.
Whereas low quantity custom parts may use a disposable fixture
designed for the workpiece but not meant to be long lasting.
As the quantity of parts to be processed increases,
the fixture design becomes more robust,
moving into modular design, flexible enough for several standard parts,
and finally into permanent custom fixtures for very high quantity part runs.
While the type of jig or fixture design may evolve,
the basic components used remain fairly constant.
These include a support base, which usually restricts downward motion, pitch, and roll,
locating pins, which restrict left, right, front, and back translation and yaw rotation,
and toggle clamps, which limit the final degree of freedom: upwards motion.
Whether designing fixtures for machining or welding,
drill jigs, or any other type of workholding assembly,
remember that the more effectively all 12 degrees of freedom can be restricted,
the more reproducible your part can be.
Factory automation components like locating pins, toggle clamps, and support bases
help provide a great base with flexible options for your design.
Tune into the next episode for more on how to best use different locating pin head types.