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in the opening sequence of 1965's thunderball james bond having just dispatched the villainous
spectre agent colonel jacques bavar fleeced the rooftop of bavar's french chateau don's
futuristic-looking jet pack and makes his dramatic escape given its fantastical over-the-top nature
this scene was obviously accomplished via the magic of hollywood's special effects right well
no actually as incredible as it might seem the vehicle featured on screen was a real
life working jet pack developed by bell aircraft and flown for the cameras by bell test pilot bill
souter but if working jet packs existed back in the 1960s why then don't we see them in every
garage alongside flying cars well as the long and frustrating history of jet pack development shows
it's certainly not from a lack of trying the idea of the jet or rocket pack has existed in popular
culture for a long time appearing in fiction as early as the 1890s however it wasn't until the
development of jet and rocket technology in the 1920s and 1930s that man-sized flying machines
became a practical reality one oft cited candidate for the first working jet pack is the hemosterma
or heavenstormer a device supposedly tested by the nazis in 1994 to allow combat engineers and
assault troops to jump over trenches barbed wire and other obstacles the himalshtorma was
based on pulse jet technology most famously used in the feisler f-103 or the v-1 cruise missile
some 12 000 of which were launched by the germans against targets in britain and the low countries
between 1944 and unlike regular jet engines pulse jets have no rotating compressor or turbine blades
and instead use a set of spring loaded shutters or vanes to burn fuel and air in a series of
high frequency pulses generating thrust this symbol construction makes pulse jets cheap to
manufacture but also loud and inefficient compared to other jet engines the himal stoma incorporated
two pulse jets one strapped to the soldier's back to provide vertical lift and one mounted to his
chest on a swivel allowing him to steer in testing the device allowed soldiers to cover a distance of
50 meters at a height of 15 meters only actually it didn't despite being widely covered on the
internet the himmelstormer never actually existed at all this fanciful piece of nazi tech was
in fact invented out of whole cloth by canadian author ernst zundel first appearing in his 1976
book german secret weapons and wonder weapons of world war ii an ardent conspiracy theorist and
holocaust denier zindal's extensive bibliography includes such choice titles as secret nazi
polar explorations hitler at the south pole the hitler we loved and why ufos nazi secret weapon
auschwitz dachaun buchenwald the greatest fraud in history and did six million people really die
and this should give you a good idea of the credibility that can be attached to his claims
none in any case the hippostomer as commonly described would likely never have worked the argus
a-014 pulse jet used in the v-1 cruise missile measured about 4 meters long and produced only
around 270 kilograms of thrust a pulse jet small enough to strap to a man's back would
not only be too weak to lift it off to ground but would also become far too hot and illicit
serious burns this combined with the inherent difficulty of controlling such a device
would have made the himmelstormer an impractical death trap so despite what the rocketeer captain
america and iron sky would have you believe nazi stormtroopers flying around in jet packs was never
actually a thing it was not until after the second world war that practical jet-packed development
began in earnest one early candidate for the inventor of the jet pack his romanian inventor
justin capra who claimed to have built and flown a flying rucksack in 1956 capra approached both
the romanian military and the american embassy in bucharest with his invention but neither
expressed any interest and capra was imprisoned by the communist government for approaching the
americans capra later claimed that the americans stole his idea but he was unable to provide any
credible evidence that he ever actually built or flew his invention the invention of the first
practical jet pack is thus commonly attributed to wendell moore an engineer a bell aircraft of
buffalo new york in 1953 moore began experimenting with a vehicle called the small rocket lift device
or srlt a backpack like contraption designed to carry a single person over a short distance the
technical challenges facing more and indeed all jet pack designers to the present day
were daunting to be practical a jet pack must be lightweight enough to comfortably wear produce
enough thrust to lift a man off the ground carry enough fuel to cover a useful distance
and be stable safe and easy to fly requirements that are frequently at odds with one another
while the ideal power source for a jetpack is a turbojet engine which can provide constant thrust
over an extended period and operate at reasonable temperatures in the early 1950s no turbojet engine
was simultaneously compact and powerful enough to fit on a man's back and lift him into the air
the only alternative was to use rocket engines which presented problems of their own
rocket engines are notoriously thirsty severely limiting their endurance and produce dangerously
hot exhaust gases that can potentially injure the pilot moore's initial srld prototype used cold
compressed nitrogen gas stored in tanks and vented through a pair of flexible nozzles controlled
by twin joysticks intended as a test bed for evaluating stability control and other technical
issues for initial testing the srld was flown tethered to a special rig while much safer than
future iterations the srld nonetheless had its fair share of teething problems for example on one
occasion the nozzles were found to be mounted too close to the operator causing the rocket blast to
tear his shirt sleeves clean off these early experiments soon caught the attention of the
u.s army's transportation research and engineering command who in 1958 launched project grasshopper
a concerted effort to develop a practical rocket pack to allow combat engineers and assault troops
to jump over minefields and other obstacles rival companies aerojet and farkle submitted nitrogen
pad jump belts very similar to bell's srld but bell eventually won the government contract to
build a combat-ready rocket belt as compressed nitrogen had insufficient energy density to meet
the army's requirements wendell moore switched to more potent propellant high test hydrogen
peroxide or htp 10 times more concentrated than the peroxide used to bleach hair when passed over
a suitable catalyst htp decomposes violently into hot high pressure steam and oxygen it's
also highly corrosive capable of stripping flesh from the bone in seconds nonetheless throughout
the 1940s http was widely used in torpedoes and a variety of rocket-powered vehicles including the
german v2 ballistic missile and the messerschmitt me-163 comet interceptor and for more on this
please do check out our previous video the german rocket fighter that dissolved its pilots
alive weighing 57 kilograms fully fueled the bell rocket was built around a fiberglass frame mounted
to the operator's body so this was mounted two tanks holding 19 bleachers of htp plus a
tank of compressed nitrogen to push the propellant through the system htp passed from the tanks over
a platinum catalyst converting it to high pressure steam and oxygen which exited through a pair of
flexible nozzles mounted on either side of the pack these produced 127 kilograms of thrust the
angle of these nozzles was controlled by a pair of joysticks allowing the pack to be directed forward
backward left and right thrust was controlled by twisting the throttle on the right-hand joystick
tethered test flights began in early 1961 mostly flown by moore himself once more the pack in
its control system proved temperamental with one flight on february 17th nearly ending in disaster
when the rocket belt ran away and snapped its tether causing more to crash into the ground
and break his kneecap eventually however most of the kinks were ironed out and on april 20
1961 the bell rocket belt made its first free flight at niagara falls municipal airport with
engineer harold graham at the controls while this flight only lasted 13 seconds subsequent test
further expanded the device's flight envelope with graham ultimately achieving distances of
262 meters altitude of 60 meters and speeds of 96 kilometers an hour once satisfied with its
reliability the bell team began demonstrating the rocket belt before military officials
across the united states and around the world some of these displays were more successful than others
while demonstrating the rocket belt as a potential means for nasa personnel to escape a rocket down
in an emergency harold graham plummeted six meters onto his head and knocked himself unconscious more
encouraging was on october 11 1961 a flight in which graham took off from a landing craft
anchored off fort bragg north carolina flew across the water and landed in front of an astonished
president john f kennedy but while outwardly futuristic and impressive the rocket belt was
hardly the safest or most practical vehicle for one thing despite the greater energy density of
hydrogen peroxide compared to nitrogen the rocket belt only carried enough fuel for 21 seconds of
operation this along with the fact that the rocket belt flew at altitudes too low to use a parachute
meant that running out of fuel was almost inevitably fatal forcing operators to carefully
monitor their fuel consumption throughout each flight to help avoid mishaps the rocky
belt incorporated a special timer with a buzzer mounted to the operator's helmet which sounded
every second as soon as the throttle was opened after 15 seconds the intermittent buzzer became
a continuous tone warning the pilot that he had just six seconds to land the rocket belt was also
deafeningly loud exceeding 130 decibels and while cooler running than most rocket engines the hopper
oxide exhaust could still inflict severe burns forcing operators to wear special heat resistant
nomex clothing these limitations made the rocket belt impractical for use in combat and in 1962 the
army having spent nearly a hundred fifty thousand dollars and what was essentially an expensive toy
pulled the plug on the project but the rocket belt had already captured the public's imagination
and the rocket belt flying team enjoyed a long career as a novelty act for special events making
dramatic appearances at the 964 world's fair the first super bowl in 1967 the opening ceremonies
of the 1984 los angeles and 1996 atlanta summer olympics and of course in the james
bond film thunderball today a handful of qualified pilots including stunt performer dan schlund aka
rocket man continue to fly updated versions of the bell rocket belt for movies tv and special events
despite the commercial failure of the rocket belt bel aircraft continued to develop personal flying
machines for the military the next attempt was the pogo the small rocket-powered flying platform
designed to carry two people originally intended for use by apollo astronauts on the moon pogo
was also pitched the army as a flying jeep for carrying soldiers over ralph or dangerous terrain
while bell managed to make the pogo extremely reliable stable and easy to fly nasa turned it
down in favor of the more conventional lunar roving vehicle while the army decided the pogo
was insufficiently gi proof for combat use in the project like the rocket belt was eventually
cancelled undaunted bell abandoned the use of hydrogen peroxide and teamed up with the williams
research corporation of walled lake michigan to develop a turbojet engine compact and powerful
enough for individual manned flight the result was the wr19 which weighed only 31 kilograms
and could produce over 193 kilograms of thrust that incorporated the wr19 into a single man
flying machine imagine a city named the jet belt which like the earlier rocket belt was steered
by moving a pair of flexible jet nozzles using joysticks the jet belt first flew on april the
7 1969 niagara falls piloted by robert corter subsequent flights revealed the device to be
capable of flying for up to 25 minutes at speeds of 135 kilometers an hour making it far more
practical for military use despite this however the us army saw the jet belt as too heavy complex
and temperamental and like all its predecessors the device never entered service after the 1960s
military research into jetpacks effectively stopped but over the following decades various
inventors have attempted to push the technology forward in 1992 insurance salesman brad barker
businessman joe wright and engineer larry stanley and professional inventor doug malowitzki formed
a company to develop an updated version of the original bell rocket belt using lightweight alloys
and composite materials the resulting design dubbed the rb2000 was first flown on june 12 1995
by bell test pilot bill souter and succeeded in increasing the design's maximum endurance from 21
to 30 seconds unfortunately like the rocket packs hydrogen peroxide fuel the four men's business
partnership proved dangerously volatile and the whole venture collapsed into a bizarre maelstrom
of paranoia intrigue and lawsuits culminated in embarka being kidnapped by stanley for eight days
and wright being murdered by an unknown assailant but the allure of the rocket belt survived even
this outlandish soap opera and today modernized examples are sold commercially by both mexico's
technological aerospace mexicana or tam and colorado's jetpack h2o2 so if you've got access to
hydrogen peroxide a quarter of a million dollars burning a hole in your pocket into death wish you
too can experience the thrill of untethered human flight for 30 seconds at a time far safer and more
practical are the wide array of turbojet-powered jetpacks made possible by recent advancements in
gas turbine technology among the most famous of these are the jetpacks designed and flown by swiss
pilot yves rossi known around the world as jet man his pax consisting of two meter wide carbon
fiber wings strapped to his back and powered by four jet cat p400 compact turbo jet engines
have reached speeds of up to 304 kilometers an hour and carried rossi across the grand canyon
the alps the english channel and other landmarks as impressive as they are however rossi's
creations do not quite fit the classic image of a jetpack being incapable of taking off under their
own power instead rossi must be carried aloft by a separate aircraft and jump free before igniting
his engines he also cannot land while wearing the wing and must instead jettison it and parachute
separately to earth more in keeping with popular conception of the jet pack is jetpack aviation's
jb-9 which made its public debut in november 2015 by flying around the statue of liberty developed
by australian businessman david mayman an american engineer and inventor nelson tyler the jb-9 is
powered by two amt nike jet engines producing 160 kilograms of thrust and can achieve speeds of 100
kilometers an hour for around 10 minutes even more science fiction is the daedalus flight pack
developed by british inventor richard browning more real life iron man suit the jet pack the
daedalus consists of a metal exoskeleton fitted with six 22 kilogram thrust micro turbojet engines
two on the back and two on each arm allowing the wearer to maneuver the suit simply by moving their
arms on november 9 2017 browning set a guinness world record for jet engine-powered flying suits
reaching a speed of 51.5 kilometers an hour over lingua park in reading england on the more
accessible end of things in 2008 canadian inventor raymond lee patented the jet lab a rocket pack
that uses jet ski technology to levitate the wear on jets of water pumped from a lake or ocean below
jetlabs are available for rental dozens of tourist resorts around the world and impossibly the first
practical deployment of jetpacks in history have recently been adopted by the dubai fire
department to avoid traffic congestion and access hard to reach fires so contrary to popular belief
real life jetpacks have been around for a long time they're surprisingly common and are rapidly
catching up to their fictional counterparts so why then isn't everyone just using one of these to fly
to work well aside from the absolutely obscene cost the simple answer is that despite nearly
60 years of development jetpacks are still too difficult and too dangerous for the average person
to fly without extensive training automobiles which only drive in two dimensions on constrained
roads and are relatively simple to operate and are highly regulated still cause millions of serious
accidents every year add in the third dimension tricky flight controls and a limited fuel supply
and the risk of a deadly mishap increases exponentially so the next time you bemoan
the current stage of technology by asking where is my jet pack take a step back and ask yourself
we don't even trust your neighbors with a car why on earth would you trust them
with a jet pack so i really hope you found today's video interesting if you did please
do hit that thumbs up button below don't forget to subscribe and thank you for watching
you