Welcome to another MedCram COVID-19 update.
If we look at daily new cases in the United States, they seem to be on the slight uptrend
at this point, whereas daily new deaths seem to be on the slight downtrend. Over in Europe, in the
United Kingdom, daily new cases are definitely on the uptick, and this is week over week, so with the
same amount of testing that they're doing, they're seeing an increase in the cases of SARS-CoV-2.
Now despite that huge uptick, we are seeing only a minimal increase in the number of deaths. We talked
about that in update 109. It seems as though a lot of the new cases are of a younger population,
and of course they're doing much more testing now than they did back in April. Spain recently
underwent some lockdown procedures and it seems as though their daily new cases are on the downtrend,
and they also are seeing a modest increase in daily deaths that seems to have plateaued here.
Recently France similarly also had an increase and continues to have an increase in their daily
new cases again, only with a modest increase in the daily death. We haven't talked much about
Canada recently; they've also experienced a significant uptick in the number of cases
and interestingly they did have an increase in the number of daily deaths. That seems to
have abated, although it may just be a weekly trend. We'll have to see how things pan out.
We also haven't talked much about India recently. They are the world's largest democracy, and they
have a number of daily cases it seems to have peaked though and is coming down,
and fortunately the same can be said about the daily deaths; they also seem to have peaked and
are trending down at this point. Let's talk about Hawaii, briefly. We see that the daily new cases had
reached a peak in mid-August, but have come down precipitously here in October. However, the daily
deaths in Hawaii still remain modestly elevated. If we go back to the new cases in Hawaii, what's
interesting about this is, at this time, anyone who travels to Hawaii, whether they are a visitor or a
former resident or a resident even, must quarantine for 14 days. Now the plan is is that on October
15th, if someone is flying into Hawaii and they have a CLIA-approved test that shows that they
are COVID negative, they will be able to skip that 14-day mandatory quarantine period, and
a number of the local airlines are offering this testing as part of the package to flying to Hawaii,
although there is an additional cost for that testing. I think it's going to be interesting to
see how that works out. Hawaii is the state ranked number one in unemployment currently at this time.
I wanted to point out an interesting study in terms of wearing masks and the concern by some
that lung diseases may be exacerbated by wearing a mask, either decreasing oxygenation or increasing
carbon dioxide, and this study that was published here at a Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami,
Florida goes to answering that question about what is the effect of face masks on gas exchange
in healthy people and also in patients with COPD? So, in this study they looked at two
different groups: they looked at healthy house staff, which are the residents and
medical providers at this VA hospital, and then they looked at 15 veterans with severe COPD.
And they looked at a number of different factors here with the healthy health staff and the
subjects with severe COPD, which by the way they had to have an FEV1 of less than 50% of predicted,
and for those that don't know, that would put them in the category of either "severe" or "very severe"
COPD, so they looked at heart rate, respiratory rate, the pulse oximetry percent, they looked at
end tidal CO2, and then in the veterans alone, they looked at the blood gas results for PAO2 and PCO2,
and as you can see here, the differences between the baseline values without a mask on room air in
these healthy house staff and for instance looking at the surgical mask at five minutes at rest
and then the surgical mask at 30 minutes at rest, you can see here that the differences
were really insignificant. In fact, in the SPO2, there was an increase in the oxygen saturation and
a very modest increase in end tidal CO2, which was actually smaller than the variation in the numbers
when we looked at the subjects with severe COPD. We can see here, we have some baseline values like,
heart rate was 86, respiratory rate was 20.5, the average saturation was 91.3, which is not
out of line for severe COPD patients on room air, and tidal CO2 was 36, which is within the normal
range, actually. PAO2 on blood gas was 77 and PCO2 was at 39. So in these patients, surgical mask at
five minutes at rest, we can see here that the saturation actually went up slightly, and that
the end tidal CO2 actually went down, so these are in opposite directions of what you would expect
for someone with a mask to wear. Also, here we have a surgical mask at 30 minutes at rest and
before the six-minute walk test that's what "6 MWT" stands for, again we saw an increase in saturation
on average and a decrease here in end tidal CO2. iIt may be because the patients are breathing a
little faster with the mask being on. Of course, no surprise here when we get the patient up and
walking after the six-minute walk test, because after somebody gets up and walks, regardless of
whether or not they're wearing a mask, we're gonna expect to see their oxygen saturation drop. We
might expect to see their end tidal CO2 drop as well since they're ventilating more, although we
should see that drop by even more potentially in a patient who doesn't have COPD. Here we see that
the oxygen saturation did go down on the blood gas, which is probably a more accurate read and here we
saw the PCO2 go slightly up, which is also what we would expect in someone with severe COPD, and while
this is what we would have expected, it would have been nice if they would have done the six-minute
walk test for the severe COPD patients both with and without the mask, just to clarify that issue.
So their conclusions were that it is important to inform the public that the discomfort associated
with mask use should not lead to unsubstantiated safety concerns, as this may attenuate the
application of a practice proven to improve public health as growing evidence indicates that
asymptomatic individuals can fuel the spread of COVID-19. Universal mask use needs to be vigorously
enforced in community settings, particularly now that we are facing a pandemic with minimal proven
therapeutic interventions. We believe our data will help mitigate fears about the health risks of
surgical mask use and improve public confidence for more widespread acceptance and use.
There can be associated psychological phenomena, such as anxiety, claustrophobia, or effective
responses to perceive difficulty in breathing. Now I want to make a very specific point and
that is that here they used surgical masks and not the use of N-95 masks, which are not required
for use in a public setting, but are in fact required for healthcare providers.
In those, it has been shown that there is an increase in the PCO2, which can happen even in lung-
healthy users. They say here, however, without major physiological burden, and take it from me and other
healthcare providers like me who sometimes need to wear an N-95 mask for 12 hours straight when we
take care of these patients in the hospital, and you never know which patient really will have
COVID-19 retrospectively, so we wear it all the time, regardless of who we see, and that goes for
the nurses and the respiratory therapists and everybody else who's seeing patients
in the hospital. I also want to talk about this topic that was published in PLOS ONE, titled
"SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels," and it
seems like a week doesn't go by and there's a new article with some angle on COVID-19 and vitamin D.
So we've seen articles talking about retrospective data; we've seen articles showing us that countries
with higher mortality rates have in general lower vitamin D levels; we even discussed recently how
giving calcefidiol in a pilot study that was randomized and controlled showed that there was an
improvement in the number of patients going to the ICU. As it turns out this is a retrospective study
and here you can see the data, which is pretty incredible, here they looked at
a hundred and ninety thousand patients that were positive, and in terms of the
positive rates in the populations, they looked at the circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels
and what you can see here is that when you get 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels that are around 45 to 50
or even a little bit higher that you've reached the lowest level of SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Now
again, this is just an association study; this is not necessarily causation, but it does show
a pretty interesting relationship, and it also goes for whether or not you're in the northern portion
of the United States, the central portion, southern, whether you're black non-hispanic, hispanic,
white non-hispanic, this relationship seems to hold true through all of these types of subpopulations:
that the higher the vitamin D levels are, the lower the SARS-CoV-2 positive rate in that population.
Here, we look at male versus female, or even in those age greater than 60 and those younger
than 60, no matter what the population was, that relationship seemed to hold true:
higher vitamin D levels was associated with a lower SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate.
And you can see, this led the authors to conclude that there was a strong and inverse
association between circulating 25- hydroxy D levels and SARS-CoV-2 positivity,
so definitely more research is needed here in this field. So here's a trial that I was
looking forward to seeing the results of. This is looking at an acetylcysteine in the treatment
of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19. Disappointingly, it's a negative study.
let's take a look at it. They enrolled 135 patients with severe COVID-19, either confirmed or suspected,
with saturations that were less than 94, and they were randomized to pretty large doses of NAC -- this
was 21 grams for 20 hours -- and what they're trying to do is save them from mechanical ventilation,
admission to the ICU, and dying. And the results were: slightly less people ended
up with endotracheal intubation mechanical ventilation in the intervention group at 20.6
versus the placebo group at 23.9 percent, but that difference was small enough and the study
did not have enough participants in it to reach statistical significance. So p-value was 0.675,
which is above the 0.05 necessary to reach statistical significance. So there was no
difference between these two groups and so the conclusion was that administration of NAC in
high doses did not affect the evolution of severe COVID-19. Now, I still take NAC
about 600 milligrams twice daily, and I probably will still continue to take it, because this study
does not negate the possibility that this might work in the early setting. We're starting to find
out that COVID-19 is very different in the early setting, where there is a reduction in innate
immunity, where there is a reduction in interferon, as opposed to later in the course where there is a
storm of cytokines and inflammation. And just because something doesn't work later in the
course, doesn't mean that it won't work earlier in the course, and the reason for the NAC therapy
that I take myself was a study that was done back in the 1990s that showed that patients who
were taking 600 milligrams twice daily of NAC for a flu season didn't get less flu infections,
but actually came through the infections that they got with significantly less symptoms. But this is
important to understand, because in the hospital setting when a patient is very sick or ill
and getting close to being on a ventilator, it may not be beneficial based on this study to
treat them with large amounts of NAC as they did in this study. Well I think that'll be it for now.
There are so many other things to talk about. There are developments in the vaccines. There are
potentially new therapeutics that will be coming out. We will keep track of it all and highlight the
things that we think are important. Please come and see us at MedCram.com for clear explanations on
over 60 different medical topics. So until next time, thanks for joining us.