And now a brief lesson on the Federal Reserve System.
The Federal Reserve, or the Fed, is the central bank
of the United States.
As the central bank, it determines
our nation's monetary policy.
This means the Fed determines how much money is floating
around in the US economic ecosystem
ready to be spent on goods or services.
By controlling the money supply, the Fed
is able to influence both interest rates and the health
of the overall economy.
The Fed's goal is to keep two important economic metrics
in check--
unemployment and inflation.
The Federal Reserve has a few tools to influence the economy,
but its primary focus is the federal funds rate.
This is the rate banks use when they lend to one another.
Let's look at how this works.
Banks are required to keep a certain amount of customer
deposits on hand.
This is called the reserve requirement
and is set by the Fed.
If a bank is short one night, it'll call another bank
and borrow money so it can meet the requirement.
By influencing this interbank rate,
the Fed also influences other short-term rates.
Here's how it works.
Banks profit by borrowing money at one rate
and lending it out at a higher rate.
Now, suppose the Fed increases the federal funds rate.
Banks don't want to borrow at a higher rate and then loan
at a lower rate.
This would cause banks to lose a lot of money.
So when borrowing rates increase,
a bank raises the rate it charges its customers.
This is how an increase in the federal funds rate
can cause a ripple effect throughout short-term rates.
These changes in interest rates also impact the US economy.
For example, if the economy shows signs of slowing,
the Federal Reserve will lower short-term rates in an attempt
to turn things around.
As a result of this, banks will decrease the rates
for their customers.
These low rates make it cheaper to borrow
and less attractive to save.
This leads to increased spending, borrowing,
and investing.
The Fed hopes these actions will lead to economic expansion.
Changing an interest rate isn't as easy as turning a dial.
To drive the federal funds rate toward its target,
the Fed uses open market operations.
This is where the Fed enters the bond market to buy and sell
government securities.
Doing this influences supply and demand
and thereby changes the federal funds rate.
Historically, the Fed's open market operations
only bought and sold short-term government securities
and therefore only influenced short-term interest rates.
However, as a result of the Great Recession,
the Fed has employed more unconventional monetary policy
and has started purchasing longer term securities.
It did this to influence long-term interest rates.
This process is known as Quantitative Easing, or QE.
The Fed's actions can impact key economic measures,
like unemployment and inflation.
For example, reducing long-term rates
allows the Fed to help lower rates on mortgages
or other types of loans.
This could lead to things like people buying new homes
or companies taking out loans to build a new factory
or launch a new product line.
These new commercial projects lead
to companies hiring more people and thereby
increase employment.
However, when the economy grows too quickly,
or grows for a long period of time, it can cause inflation.
Inflation is the rising cost of goods and services.
To reduce inflation, the Fed increases rates,
making it more expensive to borrow money.
When it's too expensive to borrow money,
businesses will reduce expansion and consumers
will start to spend less.
This decreased demand will cause prices to fall,
lowering inflation.
Now that you have an idea of how the Federal Reserve influences
interest rates, and the purposes of open market operations,
you should be more comfortable when
you're reading the highlights of the FOMC meeting
when they're published.
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