Clydesdale horse The Clydesdale is a breed of draught horse
derived from the farm horses of Clydesdale, Scotland, and named after that region. Although
originally one of the smaller breeds of draught horses, it is now a tall breed. Often bay
in colour, they show significant white markings due to the presence of sabino genetics. The
breed was originally used for agriculture and haulage, and is still used for draught
purposes today. The Budweiser Clydesdales are some of the most famous Clydesdales, and
other members of the breed are used as drum horses by the British Household Cavalry. They
have also been used to create and improve other draught breeds.
The breed was developed from Flemish stallions imported to Scotland and crossed with local
mares. The first recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" for the breed was in 1826, and
by 1830 a system of hiring stallions had begun that resulted in the spread of Clydesdale
horses throughout Scotland and into northern England. The first breed registry was formed
in 1877. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Clydesdales were exported from
Scotland and sent throughout the world, including to Australia and New Zealand, where they became
known as "the breed that built Australia". However, during World War I population numbers
began to decline due to increasing mechanization and war conscription. This decline continued,
and by the 1970s, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered the breed vulnerable to extinction.
Population numbers have increased slightly in the intervening time, but they are still
thought to be vulnerable. Breed characteristics
The conformation of the Clydesdale has changed significantly throughout its history. In the
1920s and 1930s, it was a compact horse smaller than the Shire, Percheron and Belgian. Beginning
in the 1940s, breeding animals were selected to produce taller horses that looked more
impressive in parades and shows. Today, the Clydesdale stands 16 to 18 hands (64 to 72 inches,
163 to 183 cm) high and weighs 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg). Some mature males
are larger, standing taller than 18 hands and weighing up to 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg).
The breed has a straight or slightly convex facial profile, broad forehead and wide muzzle.
It is well-muscled and strong, with an arched neck, high withers and a sloped shoulder.
Breed associations pay close attention to the quality of the hooves and legs, as well
as the general movement. Their gaits are active, with clearly lifted hooves and a general impression
of power and quality. Clydesdales are energetic, with a manner described by the Clydesdale
Horse Society as a "gaiety of carriage and outlook." Clydesdales have been identified
to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a disease with clinical signs that include
progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs that is similar to chronic
lymphedema in humans. Clydesdales are usually bay in colour, but
roan, black, grey and chestnut also occur. Most have white markings, including white
on the face, feet, legs and occasional body spotting (generally on the lower belly). They
also have extensive feathering on their lower legs. Roaning, body spotting and extensive
white markings are thought to be the result of sabino genetics. Some Clydesdale breeders
want white face and leg markings without the spotting on the body. To attempt getting the
ideal set of markings, they often breed horses with only one white leg to horses with four
white legs and sabino roaning on their bodies. On average, the result is a foal with the
desired amount of white markings. Clydesdales do not have the SB1 (Sabino 1) gene responsible
for causing sabino expressions in many other breeds, and researchers theorise that there
are several other genes responsible for these patterns. Many buyers pay a premium for bay
and black horses, especially those with four white legs and white facial markings. Specific
colours are often preferred over other physical traits, and some buyers will even choose horses
with soundness problems if they have the desired colour and markings. Roan horses are not preferred
by buyers, despite one draught breed writer theorizing that they are needed in order to
keep the desired coat colours and texture. Breed associations, however, state that there
are no bad colours, and that horses with roaning and body spots are increasingly accepted.
History The Clydesdale takes its name from Clydesdale,
the old name for Lanarkshire, noted for the River Clyde. In the mid-18th century, Flemish
stallions were imported to Scotland and bred to local mares, resulting in foals that were
larger than the existing local stock. These included a black unnamed stallion imported
from England by a John Paterson of Lochlyloch and an unnamed dark-brown stallion owned by
the Duke of Hamilton. Another prominent stallion was a 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) coach
horse stallion of unknown lineage named Blaze. Written pedigrees were kept of these foals
beginning in the early 19th century, and in 1806 a filly, later known as "Lampits mare"
after the farm name of her owner, was born that traced her lineage to the black stallion.
This mare is listed in the ancestry of almost every Clydesdale living today. One of her
foals was Thompson's Black Horse (known as Glancer), who was to have a significant influence
on the Clydesdale breed. The first recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" in reference
to the breed was in 1826 at an exhibition in Glasgow. Another theory of their origin,
that of them descending from Flemish horses brought to Scotland as early as the 15th century,
was also promulgated in the late 18th century. However, even the author of that theory admitted
that the common story of their ancestry is more likely.
A system of hiring stallions between districts existed in Scotland, with written records
dating back to 1837. This program consisted of local agriculture improvement societies
holding breed shows to choose the best stallion, whose owner was then awarded a monetary prize.
The owner was then required, in return for additional monies, to take the stallion throughout
a designated area, breeding to the local mares. Through this system and by purchase, Clydesdale
stallions were sent throughout Scotland and into northern England.
Through extensive crossbreeding with local mares, these stallions spread the Clydesdale
type throughout the areas where they were placed, and by 1840, Scottish draught horses
and the Clydesdale were one and the same. In 1877, the Clydesdale Horse Society of Scotland
was formed, followed in 1879 by the American Clydesdale Association (later renamed the
Clydesdale Breeders of the USA) which served both U.S. and Canadian breed enthusiasts.
The first American stud book was published in 1882. In 1883, the short-lived Select Clydesdale
Horse Society was founded to compete with the Clydesdale Horse Society. It was started
by two breeders dedicated to improving the breed, who also were responsible in large
part for the introduction of Shire blood into the Clydesdale.
Large numbers of Clydesdales were exported from Scotland in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, with 1,617 stallions leaving the country in 1911 alone. Between 1884 and 1945,
export certificates were issued for 20,183 horses. These horses were exported to other
countries in the British Empire, as well as North and South America, continental Europe
and Russia. World War I saw the conscription of thousands of horses for the war effort,
and after the war breed numbers declined as farms became increasingly mechanised. This
decline continued between the wars. Following World War II the number of Clydesdale breeding
stallions in England dropped from more than 200 in 1946 to 80 in 1949. By 1975, the Rare
Breeds Survival Trust considered them vulnerable to extinction, meaning there were fewer than
900 breeding females in the UK. Many of the horses exported from Scotland
in the 19th and 20th centuries went to Australia and New Zealand. In 1918, the Commonwealth
Clydesdale Horse Society was formed as the association for the breed in Australia. Between
1906 and 1936, Clydesdales were bred so extensively in Australia that other draught breeds were
almost unknown. By the late 1960s it was noted that "Excellent Clydesdale horses are bred
in Victoria and New Zealand; but, at least in the former place, it is considered advisable
to keep up the type by frequent importations from England." Over 25,000 Clydesdales were
registered in Australia between 1924 and 2008. The popularity of the Clydesdale led to it
being called "the breed that built Australia". In the 1990s, the breed's popularity and numbers
began to rise. By 2005, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust had moved the breed to "at risk" status,
meaning there were fewer than 1,500 breeding females in the UK. However, by 2010 they had
been moved back to vulnerable. The Clydesdale is considered to be at "watch" status by the
American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, meaning that as of 2010 less than 2,500 horses are
registered annually in the USA and less than 10,000 exist worldwide. As of 2010, there
are estimated to be around 5,000 Clydesdales worldwide, with around 4,000 in the US and
Canada, 800 in the UK and the rest in other countries, including Russia, Japan, Germany
and South Africa. Uses
The Clydesdale was originally used for agriculture, hauling coal in Lanarkshire and heavy hauling
in Glasgow. Today, Clydesdales are still used for draught purposes, including agriculture,
logging and driving. They are also shown and ridden, as well as kept for pleasure. Some
of the most famous members of the breed are the teams that make up the hitches of the
Budweiser Clydesdales. These horses were first owned by the Budweiser Brewery at the end
of Prohibition in the United States, and have since become an international symbol of both
the breed and the brand. The Budweiser breeding program, with its strict standards of colour
and conformation, have influenced the look of the breed in the United States to the point
that many people believe that Clydesdales are always bay with white markings. As well
as being driven, some Clydesdales are used for riding and can be shown under saddle.
Clydesdales and Shires are used by the British Household Cavalry as drum horses, leading
parades on ceremonial and state occasions. The horses are eye-catching colours, including
piebald, skewbald and roan. To be used for this purpose, a drum horse must stand a minimum
of 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm) high. They carry the Musical Ride Officer and two silver
drums weighing 56 kilograms (123 lb) each. In the late 19th century, Clydesdale blood
was added to the Irish draught breed in an attempt to improve and reinvigorate that declining
breed. However, these efforts were not seen as successful, as Irish Draught breeders thought
the Clydesdale blood made their horses coarser and prone to lower leg defaults. The Clydesdale
was instrumental in the creation of the Gypsy Vanner horse, developed in Great Britain.
The Clydesdale, along with other draught breeds, was also used to create the Australian Draught
Horse. In the early 20th century, they were often crossed with Dales ponies, creating
mid-sized draught horses useful for pulling commercial wagons and military artillery.
Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Dutson, pp. 348-351
^ a b c d e "Clydesdale". International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
^ "The Clydesdale Horse - Breed Standards". Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society. Retrieved
2011-02-11. ^ a b c d "Breed History". Clydesdale Horse
Society. Retrieved 2013-09-04. ^ "Chronic Progressive Lymphedema (CPL) in
Draft Horses". University of California, Davis. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Sabino spotting". American Paint Horse Association. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
^ Brooks, Samantha; Ernest Bailey (2005). "Exon skipping in the KIT gene causes a sabino
spotting pattern in horses". Mammalian Genome 16 (11): 893–902. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2472-y.
PMID 16284805. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Roy, Bruce (August 16, 2010). "Stable Talk". The Draft Horse Journal. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
^ "The Modern Clydesdale". Clydesdale Horse Society. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
^ a b Hendricks, pp. 133-134 ^ Biddell, pp. 75-76
^ McNeilage, p. 73 ^ a b c Edwards, pp. 284-285
^ a b "Watchlist". Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
^ "Our Purpose". Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
^ "Our History - 1900 to 1930". Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
^ Hayes, p. 361 ^ "Our History - 1970 to present". Commonwealth
Clydesdale Horse Society. Retrieved 2011-01-25. ^ "Watchlist - Equines". Rare Breeds Survival
Trust. Retrieved 2011-01-24. ^ "Conservation Priority Equine Breeds 2010"
(PDF). American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
^ "Clydesdale horse". American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
^ Smith, pp. 20-21 ^ Reid, Melanie (March 31, 2010). "Digger,
the horse who grew up to join the Army". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
^ "The Drum Horse". The Household Cavalry. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ Edwards, pp. 374-375 ^ Dutson, pp. 117-118
^ "Foundation Breeds". Clydesdale & Heavy Horse Field Days Association Inc. Retrieved
2011-01-25. ^ Dutson, p. 294