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LESTER HOLT, anchor: The Winter Games in Vancouver provide a chance for the
United States four-man bobsled team to win its first gold medal
in more than sixty years.
Team members and an Olympic bobsled designer with help from a materials
science researcher and a sports scientist funded by the National
Science Foundation explain how they'll accomplish this feat.
The Bobsled got its name when it appeared in Switzerland in the 1890s
--its riders "bobbed" back and forth to try to increase their speed.
Today's Olympic bobsledders use precision moves--and an intuitive
understanding of physics--to maximize velocity, the speed of the
bobsled as it plummets downhill.
STEVE HOLCOMB, U.S. Bobsled Team: There's more than just four fat guys
getting into a sled and sitting there and hoping to win.
HOLT: By hurtling around the icy bends of the course at 5 Gs--five
times the force of gravity--akin to what fighter pilots experience.
Physicist--and Air Force veteran--Paul Doherty did the Olympic bobsled
run in Lillehammer, Norway, site of the 1994 Winter Games.
PAUL DOHERTY, The Exploratorium: We were being slammed first to the
right at five G's and then to the left at five G's.
And when you bend your head forward under five G's,
which I did through one of the turns,
you can't lift it--your neck muscles are not strong to lift it, and bring it back up.
HOLT: What gives the bobsled its velocity is acceleration--initially
created during the powerful 50-meter push at the race start by the
team's feet pushing forcefully against the ice.
DR. DEBORAH KING, Ithaca College: The start is where you are going to
try to pick up speed.
So you are getting your acceleration.
DR. GEORGE TUTHILL, Plymouth State University: The team is trying to
get that bobsled moving as rapidly as possible,
by applying maximum force to the track.
HOLT: Then, in a tightly choreographed succession,
the bobsledders jump in while trying to keep the sled steady,
and on a straight trajectory.
STEVE MESLER, U.S. Bobsled Team: There's a lot of disruption, a lot of
forces that can cause the sled to go back and forth and slow yourself down.
HOLT: In the push phase, everything the bobsledders do is important:
this is the only chance they have to generate force.
BOB CUNEO, Bo-Dyn Bobsled Project: Other than the athletes starting
the sled at the top, there's no way to gain more force going down so you
have to conserve the force that you began with.
TUTHILL: You might think that if they save a tenth of a second at
that start, how could that translate into much as they go down the track.
But you have to remember that they're accelerating all the time.
And so if they have a small advantage at the start,
they continue to maintain that small advantage most of the way down the track.
HOLT: The force of gravity accelerates all bobsleds down the
course in exactly the same way. Galileo is said to have demonstrated
this by dropping two object of different mass from the Tower of Pisa.
So gravity is constant for all the sledders.
HOLT: The only way sled teams can affect their run-time once on the
course is by minimizing the loss--of even a fraction of a second--
to forces that can slow the sled--especially air resistance: drag.
HOLT: Everything about the bobsled is designed to reduce drag from
the sleek sled body to the team's tight hooded suits to the way the
crew "tucks" into close formation, like peas in a fiberglass pod.
KING: It needs to be nice and streamlined and smooth,
with nothing sticking out, so the air will flow over the bobsled
really smoothly, won't cause a lot of resistance,
and so they are able to go really fast down the mountain.
HOLT: Each steep, banked turn on the track is also a potential speed "trap."
HOLCOMB: Every time you hit the walls, it slows you down.
You want to minimize any sort of--of you know, of--rubbing.
HOLT: Scraping against the ice wall increases friction. The sled loses
momentum--momentum established during that first push--
and remember, momentum it can't get back.
CURT TOMASEVICZ, U.S. Bobsled Team: We just try to be as loose as possible.
Try to not fight the pressures as we go into the curves.
Try to anticipate the curves a little bit but not actually lean with all the curves.
HOLT: Trying to find the perfect "racing line" around the frozen curves.
HOLCOMB: Unfortunately, there isn't a perfect place to be. If you take
the shortest distance, that doesn't necessarily mean um,
you're going to be the fastest.
You may be creating too much friction on the ice that will slow
you down or you may not be creating not enough friction when you're
actually moving too far.
HOLT: So if you can push the bobsled without stumbling, get into a tight
space in a careful formation, careen down a treacherous ice trail
without crashing or hitting a wall--consider yourself lucky.
But if you can do it in less time than everyone else--
consider yourself a winner.