JUDY WOODRUFF: Last month, the Food and Drug Administration formally approved the first
vaccine to prevent Ebola.
It comes at a crucial time.
An outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo has infected more than 3,000 people
since early last year.
And yet the situation could be much worse.
What has prevented it from spiraling out of control is five years of remarkable scientific
progress.
With the second of our series, again in partnership with the Global Health Reporting Center, here's
special correspondent Monica Villamizar.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Ever since Ebola was first discovered in 1976, it's been mysterious,
terrifyingly deadly.
Peter Piot, a Belgian doctor, was part of an international team that was called to Yambuku,
in the heart of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
DR.
PETER PIOT, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: And what we found was that there
were very few survivors, and that, indeed, the what we call case fatality rate was over
90 percent.
JEAN-JACQUES MUYEMBE, DRC Head of Ebola Response (through translator): The patients fled the
hospital.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Jean-Jacques Muyembe, then a young doctor and now the DRC's head of Ebola
response, was also part of that first investigation.
Flash-forward to 1995.
Muyembe had to contain Ebola in Kikwit, a city of almost 400,000.
To stop the spread, traditional funeral rituals had to be discarded.
JEAN-JACQUES MUYEMBE (through translator): We didn't have coffins.
We'd put them in trucks.
We'd dig a hole and throw them in.
That shocked people.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: In 2014 came the worst Ebola outbreak in history.
MAN: A big outbreak of a deadly Ebola virus.
MAN: Started in the West African country of Guinea, has now spread.
WOMAN: Our people know nothing.
There is no cure.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Without a preventive vaccine or a treatment, the virus spread across six
West African countries, even jumping to Europe and the U.S.
Soka Moses, a physician in Liberia, recalls the sense of desperation.
DR.
SOKA MOSES, Liberia: The patients are vomiting, bleeding.
Meanwhile, there were still patients waiting outside the gate.
They are begging to come in.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: In the end, Ebola infected over 28,000 people globally.
More than 11,000 died.
But that catastrophe also spawned a wave of scientific collaboration and discovery.
Today, as doctors struggle to contain the outbreak in DRC, they are using an unprecedented
set of tools, from genomic sequencing to rapid on-spot diagnostic tests, from wildlife biosurveillance
to see-through plastic treatment bubbles specially designed to help prevent the spread of the
disease.
But the most dramatic change by far is a stunning development.
Ebola is now both preventable and curable.
DR.
PETER PIOT: The last five years, scientific developments get an A-plus, no doubt about
that.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Before heading to the outbreak zone, I went to the National Institutes of
Health, where I enrolled in a clinical study to receive this experimental shot, an Ebola
vaccine.
Not long ago, this would have been impossible.
There was no vaccine against Ebola.
But in little over five years, two vaccines and two drugs have been developed.
For no other disease has a treatment and a vaccine appeared in such a short period of
time.
In the hunt for an elusive treatment, Muyembe's work, starting in Kikwit in 1995, was critical.
JEAN-JACQUES MUYEMBE (through translator): We performed a blood transfusion from an Ebola
survivor to eight patients with acute Ebola.
Out of those eight, seven survived.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: That original survivor, who lost 15 members of his family, donated
his blood to Muyembe's team, and, in 2006, gave samples to the NIH researchers.
Those samples led to the creation of a treatment called a monoclonal antibody, its name right
out of a spy novel, mAb114.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI, Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: You get
infected with any kind of a virus or a bacteria, your body starts to make proteins that are
called antibodies that ultimately suppress the pathogen.
We have been able to create antibodies that are very, very specific.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: The treatment is based on the original disease-fighting cells from
a patient, purified and modified to fight even more efficiently against the virus.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI: And what it does, it blocks the ability of the Ebola virus to attack its
target cells.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Four drugs were tested in the middle of the current outbreak.
The trial was called off in August, when it became clear that two of these treatments
were saving lives.
The others didn't make an impact.
In prior outbreaks, about two-thirds of the patients died.
With mAb114, it was just 34 percent.
A different drug, from Regeneron, brought the death rate down to 29 percent.
JEAN-JACQUES MUYEMBE: I was at the origin of the discovery of the virus.
I have -- also the development of a molecule that can treat Ebola patients.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: The treatment was a breakthrough.
But with a third of the patients still dying, the vaccine was critical, a way to protect
millions from being infected in the first place.
The vaccine was born in a post-9/11 world.
Research targeted viruses, like Ebola, that could be used in bioterrorist attacks.
Early research was led by Canada's Health Agency.
But when Ebola erupted in West Africa, the vaccine wasn't ready.
The World Health Organization and government officials called on pharmaceutical maker Merck.
Kenneth Frazier is the CEO.
KENNETH C. FRAZIER, CEO, Merck: It wasn't the typical situation, where you are developing
a vaccine from scratch.
A lot of scientific work had gone on for a number of years.
And we were asked to come in and finish the research and the development and the formulation
and the manufacturing.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: The Merck vaccine was first tested at the very end of the West African
outbreak.
It was over 90 percent effective.
In Eastern Congo, more than a quarter-million people have gotten the Merck shot.
These people say they it made them feel safe.
MAN (through translator): My wife's friend and son died of Ebola.
They called me a high-risk contact because I took part in the funeral.
WOMAN (through translator): I saw people dying, and, as a nurse, I understood that I had to
be vaccinated.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Every health worker on the front lines gets the protective shot,
allowing for much better patient care.
It's a game-changer.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI: There is no doubt in anybody's mind that the outbreak would have been much,
much worse and much, much more extensive had it not been for the use of the vaccine.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: A second vaccine, made by Johnson & Johnson, is now being used in
the border region between DRC and Rwanda.
To help build trust, Jean-Jacques Muyembe got the shot himself.
JEAN-JACQUES MUYEMBE: I am exposed to the disease.
It is why I can receive this vaccine.
Now we have the vaccine.
We have treatment.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: Do you think this is a happy story, where science won?
JEAN-JACQUES MUYEMBE: Yes, yes.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI: I think the development of an effective vaccine and the development of
sensitive, easy-to-use diagnostics is a resounding scientific success story.
KENNETH C. FRAZIER: I think the key to this was an unprecedented amount of partnership
and collaboration, and it was the spirit of the people who were on the ground in those
places where the disease was endemic.
Those are the real heroes.
MONICA VILLAMIZAR: The crisis here is decidedly not over, but there is reason to hope.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm Monica Villamizar in Kinshasa, DRC.