Scientific research can take many paths and often arrive at very unexpected conclusions.
Conspiracies and secrets surround many of the top scientific institutions as their research
can sometimes go into areas of study that Verge on looking like science fiction CERN the European
Council on nuclear research is one of the largest and most prestigious of these institutions today,
and even they can be subject to theories revolving around their contributions to the scientific
Community number seven running sun isn't cheap maintaining a place at the front of scientific
research and Discovery doesn't come cheap and the budget for sun has been growing paying for all the
scientists along with the equipment necessary for the experiments works out to roughly 1.2 billion
euros every year nearly equivalent to a cup of coffee for every European living on the consulate
critics of sun think that this type of funding is crazy and the experiment moments they are
running could pose risks and cause harm to the areas surrounding the institution and possibly
the rest of the world but still the majority of the scientific Community would argue that
the advancement of science is completely worth it when you look at all the accomplishments that
CERN has achieved so what has all this money bought number 6. the birth of the World Wide
Web when people hear about CERN today most people would think of the Large Hadron Collider or their
work with antimatter in the 90s sometimes it's hard to remember that San had begun in the 1950s
and has been a part of many major scientific and technological breakthroughs since its Inception
arguably one of its greatest contributions to Global Society has been the World Wide
Web back in 1989 a scientist working at CERN named Tim berners-lee developed the Internet
as a way for scientists to share their data and findings around around the world even before the
implementation of the World Wide Web to share data CERN was at the Forefront of collaboration
of scientists from across the globe number 5. the Large Hadron Collider is one of the coldest places
in the universe you may have heard that space is freezing and while this is true for a large
portion of space almost no region of space comes close to the frigid temperatures the Large Hadron
Collider is kept at the LHC uses superconductor electromagnetics to generate the forces required
to accelerate particles around the collider and these types of magnets become much more efficient
when kept at extremely cold temperatures in physics they often use the Kelvin scale to
measure temperatures for a number of reasons one of them being that zero degrees Kelvin is the
absolute coldest temperature that is physically possible in our universe zero degrees Kelvin is
equivalent to negative 273 0.15 degrees Celsius and the LHC is kept at negative 271.3 Kelvin just
less than 2 degrees above absolute zero and this is no easy task the LHC propels 200,000
billion photons to smash into each other around a 27 kilometer circle nearly
11,000 times a second! Doing this takes an enormous amount of energy to complete and
emits a huge amount of heat during the process which must be removed from the machine to keep it
running during some experiments the collisions can create a primordial soup of Elementary particles
that can reach temperatures approaching 4 trillion degrees Celsius to be able to cool during these
experiments CERN has implemented an incredibly high-tech cryogenic cooling system which utilizes
superfluid helium a special type of lab made of helium with supercharged thermal conductivity as
its refrigerant number four the so-called God particle in July of 2012 CERN used the Large
Hadron Collider to detect a particular particle that had been theorized nearly 50 years prior the
Higgs boson also known as the God particle now God doesn't really have anything to do with this
particle the name may have been birthed out of the significance of the Higgs bosom within the
standard model for most of the time since the discovery of the subatomic and Quantum worlds
physicists could not figure out where the mass of some fundamental particles such as quarks
of an electron came from but in the mid-1960s a physicist named Peter Higgs and his team put forth
their theory that a force-carrying boson existed and those particle's interaction with its field
are responsible for their Mass with the power of the LHC researchers were able to knock a Higgs
boson out of the Higgs field that permeates space and were able to confirm it using the superpower
detectors built into the accelerator the official detection of this particle cemented its place in
the standard model but some scientists who had their doubts about this boson are now wondering
what other particles are out there waiting to be discovered number three the particles being
accelerated are going fast the Large Hadron Collider was designed to accelerate particles
to insanely fast speeds that are approaching the cosmic speed limit extremely close to the
speed of light travels at Super magnets within the accelerator Force protons into traveling at
99.9999991 the speed of light when it is turned on to full power that is just three meters a
second slower than light travels at these speeds each particle completes 11 245 laps
around the 27 kilometer track each second before their inevitable Collision particle within the
LHC travel more than 10 billion kilometers the distance of a full round trip to Neptune protons
that are being sent around and around smash into each other two billion times every second
when the collider is turned on more than twice the Collision rate than the LHC was originally
designed to handle number two detecting the very first ghost particle during these powerful
collisions researchers have been able to detect a frustratingly elusive particle known as a neutrino
neutrinos are incredibly tiny particles some estimate put that at a million times smaller than
an electron no wonder they are so hard to find to compensate for their size neutrinos populate the
universe with an uncountable number of particles models predict so many neutrinos exist that some
scientists have put them as one of the Front Runners for what Dark Matter could be made of
every second an estimated 100 billion neutrinos pass through every Square centimeter of your body
but don't worry neutrinos are so small and weak that they pass through matter without affecting
it in the slightest which also increases the difficulty of being able to detect them in order
to catch these ghostly particles the detector used was designed with super dense metals like
tungsten and Lead giving neutrinos less space to sneak through the atoms and this design paid off
when they detected the first neutrino in the LHC and researchers are hoping that in another year
they will be able to detect tens of thousands of neutrinos in a single run number one the billion
of antimatter particles made in a day one of the most controversial aspects of cern's research
relates to their roles in creating antimatter this even appeared in the movie Angels and Demons when
the fictional scientists at CERN created a gram of antimatter which was then stolen by the Illuminati
to be used as a weapon and while CERN is actively creating antimatter their anti-proton decelerator
makes roughly 100 billion anti-protons a day but remember that fundamental particles are very small
and this amount of antiprotons weighs about 0.1 picograms one picogram is one trillionth of a
gram in other words it would take billions of years before cern's machines could produce an
entire gram of antimatter not to mention the amount of energy it would take to hold that
amount of antimatter inside of an electromagnetic trap and if you're worried about antimatter and
matter annihilate each other in a violent event the anti-protons travel nearly at the speed of
light and are almost instantly absorbed by the detectors as well the amount of mass present does
not contain nearly enough energy for this process to affect much of our macroscopic world there is
hope that CERN's work with antimatter could help unravel more secrets about the early universe and
further their understanding of how the building blocks of our reality fit and work together thanks
for watching let us know down below what you think about the accomplishments and discoveries of one
of the largest research organizations on Earth see you next time on Matter!