all right the
crazy future if protons don't decay beginning has an atoms humans black holes and even the
universe it's travel 20 times more into the future to one trillion years Stars will start
decaying into white dwarfs neutron stars and black holes giving the start of the degenerate
era no laugh okay this is great thank you whoever recommended this
is the goat
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if they have one of these devices they can decrypt your data that they stole but anyway
let's get back to the video what happens next depends on whether protons Decay or not which
we don't know for sure but for the sake of Simplicity we'll assume they do and leave
the other possibility for another video if you didn't get the degenerate error thing
there's a thing called degeneracy pressure for um things so the prophecy is true
proceed
hello Mortals what do you imagine when hearing about iron a relatively common or found in
most Minecraft caves that mysterious thing that no college student is aware of or the
thing that could make up the last stars in the universe if it wouldn't already take a
painstakingly long amount of time for the universe to cool down and die through the
heat death let's add the possible factor of matter not decaying at all into the equation
in a previous video I talked about whether or not protons Decay after 10 to a decillion
years thus leaving nothing but photons and leptons behind the thing is scientists don't
yet know if protons Decay or not and the standard model doesn't suggest that they should ever
become unstable and Decay so let's look at this possibility what if protons do never
decay thanks to blinkist for sponsoring this video first of all why do particles even Decay
the short answer is that they are lazy relatable isn't it everything in the universe tends
to a more stable State and you are more stable when you have less potential energy to spend
for example if you were to stand on your feet and suddenly lose Consciousness you will Begin
to Fall as your body seeks to spend all of its potential energy and lower its energy
level for the same reason you sleep lying in bed and not like a flamingo in the case
of particles they too want to lower their energy level by simply decaying into other
smaller particles if you somehow rip a neutron out of a nucleus and leave it by itself after
roughly 15 minutes it will Decay into a proton and emit an electron protons are lighter than
the neutrons so they have less energy is this meant to be like a sciencey actual video or
a comedy or a comedy plus science like my meant to just laugh oh do we want to talk
about things and thus are more stable also both the neutron and the proton are baryons
so after the Decay the type of the particle remains unchanged it's only the energy that
decreases in the case of protons however there are just no other baryons in which they could
Decay as the proton is the lightest of them this should mean that the proton is in its
most stable form and there is nothing lower they could Decay into so how will this fact
change the future of our universe you might be thinking quarks what about quarks which
make up protons you can't we don't think you can really have quarks by themselves first
let's fast travel to the degenerate era when there is nothing but black holes fading stars
and rogue planets after some long time and I really mean a long long time all matter
as we know it there will be some other things by the way we'll slowly Decay into iron as
I said the universe is very lazy and iron has the lowest energy level out of all elements
because it has the most tightly bound nuclear Lei any element that is heavier than iron
like copper gold or plutonium will Decay over time by nuclear fission into iron the element
with the longest Half-Life is tellurium which will decay in 10 to the power of 24 years
which is 160 trillion times greater than the age of the universe and yet this rather extensive
period of time can be thought of as a blink compared to the time that lighter elements
need to transform into iron the only way this can happen is through cold fusion unlike thermonuclear
Fusion that happens inside the core of stars cold fusion occurs under any temperature and
pressure during nuclear fusion inside the Stars nuclei are so close together that the
nuclear force surpasses the repulsive electromagnetic force and eventually sticks them together
releasing a lot of energy and creating heavier elements in the process but at low temperatures
nuclei are so far apart from each other that only magic would make them pass through the
electromagnetic force barrier and that magic is called quantum tunneling the process of
apart it's not Magic it's not magic called getting through a barrier simply by teleportation
and some shady Quantum stuff the denser that Force barrier is the less likely the particle
is to Tunnel through it in the case of matter in the cold and far future of the universe
the chance of this happening is incredibly small but not equal to zero it is estimated
that all matter will fuse into iron through cold fusion and Quantum tunneling after 10
to the power of 3200 years all these iron atoms would come together in clumps to make
irons so it should probably be pointed out that you know as funny as this video is there's
a lot of this stuff is not exactly uh there's no reason to sort of trust a lot of it or
believe it it's just some random theoretical papers which probably have you know no uh
citations and things like that stars the last objects to exist inside the universe if that
you know so I'm not looking into some of these things so some of you might know to put this
giant amount of time in perspective if you replace every atom in the observable universe
with another observable universe full of atoms and then you replace these atoms with another
observable universes and repeat this cycle 40 times you'll have in total this many atoms
if you counted one atom per year in the super Universe it would still not be enough for
all the elements to turn into iron during this process it is thought that some black
dwarfs will explode into supernovas after 10 to the power of 1 100 years because of
the accumulating iron even though new elements will arise from nuclear fusion during the
explosions they will transform into iron relatively fast these supernovas will this was also very
dependent on like um you know the the way the universe dies whatever happens in the
far distant future we actually don't know so uh you know he's saying if and not if like
they Decay but it's also dependent on uh like what happens as well so there's multiple things
and we made a couple videos if you want to go here's some of the ways things might end
up so there's a whole bunch right will be the last fireworks our universe will ever
see but as we already know this will not happen soon at all but if you are as impatient as
I am I have the perfect solution while we're waiting for the ionization of the universe
blinkist our long time spot the video Everything until now was just a minuscule fraction on
the time Scale of the Universe for all it remains iron Stars will very slowly collapse
into black holes whether that's not true um do you mean fall into them because they'll
be but even then like if things keep expanding you know so that doesn't make a whole lot
of sense there's a lot of things you could say there which result in that not making
any sense they're not if you just leave them alone we're going to collapse into black holes
either through gravity or the aforementioned Quantum tunneling and this process will take
an inconceivable amount of time 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 76 years that
that's a big number these are the sorts of numbers you can come across in a thermodynamics
called very big numbers very very big numbers six years that's like writing a zero for each
atom in the universe in order to make up the time frame eventually the newly formed black
holes will evaporate through Hawking radiation but this process only takes 10 to the power
of 108 years at most for them a supermassive black holes which at this time period is nothing
but an instance compared to the lifetime of the iron Stars so you could say that it's
literally nothing but an instant for the photons around because they don't experience time
but yeah 10 to the 108 that's a larger than a Google roll of dark energy in all of making
them the actual winners of universe Battle Royale transform into black holes it was designed
to the lifetime of the iron Stars so you could say that at this time scale the iron Stars
will just disappear the moment they transform into black holes making them the actual winners
of universe Battle Royale uh I don't know why he thinks they'll turn into black holes
but um also again this is dependent on what happens you know what I mean there's so many
things that could happen what happens next is very speculative for somebody to collapse
the form of black hole you need to have a lot of mass in one place and to get a lot
of massive on place you need you know forces and uh you need to squash something below
its what's yard radius and then it collapses into a black hole but to do that is not exactly
easy you need like the squash Earth to the size of a peanut you can do that you'll form
a black hole but imagine how much force it takes to do that right so I don't know what
he's suggesting is happening here maybe in this future that he's talking about you know
the universe is and you know what I mean like just having it sit there and then just collapse
know black hole doesn't make a lot of sense uh but there's also something to worry about
called entropy everything does degenerate eventually we think even diamonds iron Stars
will just disappear the moment they transform into black holes making them the actual winners
of universe Battle Royale Battle Royale it is like a big battle royale when you look
at it like this what happens next is very speculative as we don't know what the role
of dark energy in all of this is but everything left after the death of the iron stars are
just photons and leptons like electrons and positrons flying around for almost eternity
the next checkpoint being the birth of a new Big Bang and about 10 to the power of 10 to
the power so yeah like talking about this part is ex all of this is quite you know speculatory
but these bits are extremely speculatory and um so I guess he's now he likes the idea of
cyclic cosmology you know and talking about a big bang being born again um and you know
you probably might have heard Roger Penrose talking about it don't take all of this too
seriously I think it's meant to be an entertaining video but it can be dangerous because like
people think I know it's so dangerous at all but just people get the wrong idea misinformed
up up power of 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 76 years if we're looking that's
a stupidly big number get the probability of quantum fluctuations which makes the lifespan
of iron Stars a mere joke like you can't just say that and I'm not even comparing it to
the current age of the universe so yeah do what you feel like doing we're insignificant
are we though how do we know that You couldn't possibly know if we're significant you know
we actually might be the whole reason things are happening who knows man this that's philosophy
right so there's another video I enjoyed that one that was actually amazing so let's subscribe
to them 700k very nice what's next