The ADDIE model is a framework that lists generic processes that instructional designers
and training developers use.
It represents a guideline for building effective training and performance support tools in
five phases.
Analysis Design
Development Implementation
Evaluation ADDIE is an Instructional Systems Design model.
Most current ISD models are variations of the ADDIE process.
Other models include the Dick & Carey and Kemp ISD models.
Rapid prototyping is a commonly accepted improvement to this model.
This is the idea of reviewing continual or formative feedback while creating instructional
materials.
This model strives to save time and money by catching problems while they are still
easy to fix.
This rapid prototyping is also called SAM, or successive approximation model.
Instructional theories also play an important role in the design of instructional materials.
Theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, social learning, and cognitivism help shape
and define the outcome of instructional materials.
History Florida State University initially developed
the ADDIE model to explain, “...the processes involved in the formulation of an instructional
systems development program for military interservice training that will adequately train individuals
to do a particular job and which can also be applied to any interservice curriculum
development activity.”
The model originally contained several steps under its five original phases.
The idea was to complete each phase before moving to the next.
Over the years, practitioners revised the steps, and eventually the model became more
dynamic and interactive than the original hierarchical version.
By the mid-1980s, the version familiar today appeared.
Phases of ADDIE Analysis phase
The analysis phase clarifies the instructional problems and objectives, and identifies the
learning environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills.
Questions the analysis phase addresses include: Who are the learners and what are their characteristics?
What is the desired new behavior?
What types of learning constraints exist?
What are the delivery options?
What are the pedagogical considerations?
What adult learning theory considerations apply?
What is the timeline for project completion?
Design phase The design phase deals with learning objectives,
assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning,
and media selection.
The design phase should be systematic and specific.
Systematic means a logical, orderly method of identifying, developing and evaluating
a set of planned strategies targeted for attaining the project's goals.
Specific means each element of the instructional design plan must be executed with attention
to details.
In the design phase, developers: Document the instructional, visual, and technical
design strategy Apply instructional strategies according to
intended behavioral outcomes by domain Design the user interface and user experience
Create a prototype Apply visual design
Development phase In the development phase, instructional designers
and developers create and assemble content assets blueprinted in the design phase.
In this phase, the designers create storyboards and graphics.
If e-learning is involved, programmers develop or integrate technologies.
Testers debug materials and procedures.
The project is reviewed and revised according to feedback.
Implementation phase The implementation phase develops procedures
for training facilitators and learners.
Training facilitators cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and
testing procedures.
Preparation for learners includes training them on new tools and student registration.
Implementation includes evaluation of the design.
This is also the phase where the project manager ensures that books, hands-on equipment, tools,
CD-ROMs, and software are in place, and that the learning application or website functions.
Evaluation phase The evaluation phase consists of two parts:
formative and summative.
Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process.
See also Educational technology
instructional technology instructional design
References