All right, let’s get into making sense of the environment.
We’re constantly inundated with stimulation and all the different things around us.
How do we determine what we want to pay attention to
and what we’re listening to and what we’re looking?
Let’s take a look at that.
So first we have selective attention.
Now
how do we
filter out what we want to listen to and what we don’t want to listen to,
what we want to watch and what we don’t want to watch?
So the process by which one input is attended to and
others are tuned out is called selective attention.
So let’s take a look at this diagram here and we have some headphones on
and in one ear you’re presented with a sound
and in the other ear you’re presented with a different sound.
So in this diagram we have “ba” and “na” or “ta” or whatever you want it to be.
Now, if I ask you and I say, you know, just focus on your left ear.
The idea is that you’re going to tune out and
filter out whatever is coming in the right,
and, you know, in this analogy, you might think of listening to the radio
in a really busy kitchen at your house.
You’re trying to catch your favorite song, which is on,
and, you know, that Justin Bieber song’s on and you’re
just trying to listen to it because you love it so much,
but your wife and kids won’t stop talking
and you’re like, this is the best part,
and you try to filter them out and focus on the song.
Now, your wife might actually be barking at you to go buy some milk on the way home
and you’re listening to Justin Bieber, and after the song is over
and you’re leaving, your wife said, “So did you remember what I said?” and you
said, “I don’t know what you said.” And she said, “I told you to get milk.”
And then you turn out to her and you say, “I’m sorry.”
Sorry.
Okay, so let’s move on to a different model, which say, why is it
that we are able to focus only on some things and not everything?
And the explanation is that
we must have a limited capacity to pay attention
and other things must be tuned out, and so it’s selective.
So we don’t have an unlimited amount of resources
and so we need to focus on what’s in front of us
and focus on the things that are important to us.
Okay?
So,
in this scenario that we talked about where there were the
two channels that we talked about, attended and unattended.
And most of the information from attended
stimulus is retained while the other is lost.
Justin Bieber stayed, nagging wife is gone.
Okay?
So,
we’re going to have a couple of models that we’re
going to walk through that are going to explain
or at least propose how they think this selective attention is happening.
So, the first thing is we need this information to come in,
so we’re going to have both the attended and unattended stimulation.
So, whether it’s sound or it’s vision, let’s focus just on sound.
So we have Justin Bieber coming in,
we have nagging wife coming in,
and they’re both going to go into the sensory store,
or it’s an area like a buffer, where things are sitting at first.
Now, one of the inputs is selected and filtered based on the sensory modality.
So the sound is what we’re looking for here.
And we want to pull out what we need, and we’ve pre-identified what that is.
So for me, it’s a song.
So I’m listening to Justin and I know that
it’s a song and that’s what I’m looking for,
and I’m going to basically filter out all the things that I don’t want,
like my nagging wife.
That’s now out.
We filtered that out.
Okay so now, the information that’s relevant to me is going to be passed on.
So the info that is not important to stays in that buffer
and it has been filtered out and eventually it will decay and I’ll lose that message,
which is why I didn’t understand what my wife was asking me.
Now, the information that was important to me enters
another bin that we’re going to say is short-term memory,
where we start to tag different semantic tags.
Semantic refers to sort of more of that cognitive context.
So, I love Justin, he’s so dreamy,
this is my favorite song, and all those little tags get put on,
and the moment that I heard it, I was in the kitchen, all the stuff that’s happening
gets tagged to that moment, to that song, and then that
gets put on to the next level of memory.
Okay, so that can be working memory.
It can eventually get processed into long-term memory.
So this whole process that we’ve proposed here is called Broadbent’s Filter Model
and is basically referring to the fact that there’s a selective filter
which is basically filtering out
all unintended messages while allowing the attended message to pass through.
Okay?
Okay, so this model isn’t perfect.
There are some weaknesses here
and the first being
some unintended inputs are detected.
So based on the Broadbent model, everything that we
don’t really care about is going to get filtered out.
So in theory, all we should ever get is the attended input
or what were really what we’re paying attention to.
So an example of this not being true is the Cocktail party effect.
And this is when you’re at a party, we’ve all been in this situation, 101 00:04:52,718 --> 00:04:52,693 and you’re talking to somebody.
and you’re talking to somebody.
It’s kind of loud.
There’s music and there’s awhole bunch of conversation that’s going on,
and you’re talking to the person in front of you.
Okay, so you’re talking to your boss
and your boss is talking about all this stuff, and blah, blah, blah.
And you’re supposed to be paying attention to them and you kind of are.
And a whole bunch of other conversations are floating around
and in theory, the sound is entering your ear.
So the stimulus is entering, but it’s unintended, meaning that you don't
really want that information and according to the Broadbent model,
you’re going to filter all of that out so that all that you hear is
the amazing deep conversation that you’re having with your charming boss.
Now, all of a sudden you hear your
friend’s name in a conversation that’s happening across
a few conversations from you and all of a sudden you hear
blah, blah, blah -- or you hear your own name.
You hear blah, blah, blah -- Tarry and you perk up.
Now, in theory according to the Broadbent model, that should’ve been filtered out
because you’re really focusing on the attended conversation in front of
you and that was unintended information that you didn’t really want.
But we know that what happens, you’re like, “Oh, I heard my name.”
So that right there tells us there must be something else going on other than
truly just straight filtering of all unintended or unnecessary information.
This brings forth to a new model or the Attenuation model,
Anne Treisman’s Attenuation Model.
This model suggests that the filter is actually replaced by an attenuator.
So an attenuator is a fancy way of saying something
that you can control, let’s say volume.
Okay?
So what it does is it turns down unintended sensory input,
stuff that you really don’t necessarily care about instead of completely removing it.
So it’s still there, but it’s really, really turned down
and you’re trying to focus more on the important or attended sensory input.
This explains why we can still hear or access information that is
thought to be filtered out, but we know that it’s not filtered out.
So same basic idea in terms of if you look at this
model, if you look at all the different steps,
we have the two types of messages coming in,
we have the sensory store now goes to an attenuator,
and then some of that gets sent over to higher level processing
and eventually onto working short-term and long-term memory.
Now,
let’s take a look at other ways to explain things like selective priming.
So selective priming is when you get
activated or pre-activated to something and are more likely to notice it.
So we’ve defined this here selective priming -
one is primed to observe something (frequency versus expectation)
and is more likely to notice it.
So if I, say for example, I’m going to ask you a question
and let’s do that right now, red.
So I’m going to ask you to name me
one fruit, name me a fruit.
Okay, now if your answer was
apple or cherry or strawberry or something red,
is it because I quickly just primed you and said the word “red”?
Okay, so why did that happen?
Well, by me saying the word “red”,
I’ve actually primed you to now
think about things that are red and you’ve answered it.
Okay?
So this is ways of me priming you towards answering.
Okay? So this is frequency versus expectation, I’ve increased the expectation there.
So another sort of slightly similar model is visual
attention, and this is using the spotlight model,
and what we’re saying is we have areas of attention.
And the reason I used the term “spotlight” is if you think of, say a play,
and the person has a spotlight and it’s shone on where they want you to look,
the actors doing their scene.
Now, if you think of that as of attention,
that can actually precede or move around faster than we’re actually looking at.
So we can say that shifts in attention precede eye movements.
So if while you’re looking at something,
your attention is slightly drawn to something else,
you will actually move your vision to that.
So that is the spotlight model looking at sort of
selective attention, removing your attention somewhere,
and that will actually cause you to focus on that first or quicker.