"Colours are lights suffering and joy"
That was a quote from the Theory of Colours, published back in 1810 by Goethe, a German
writer.
He wrote about how colours are perceived by humans, how they make us think and feel.
"Red conveys an impression of gravity and dignity, and at the same time of grace and
attractiveness."
"The appearance of blue is gloomy and melancholy."
"Yellow carries with it the nature of brightness, and has a serene, softly exciting character."
Goethe's definition of colour by our experience of it was dismissed by the scientific community,
physicists like Newton knew colour was wavelengths of visible light.
But Goethe's colour wheel is beautiful in it's simplicity and in it's recognition of
how our environment affects our psychological states.
Let's fast forward 200 or so years.
In somewhere like Times Square, vibrant, plentiful colour is just part of the landscape.
Our use of colour has evolved from the realm of artists to the art of persuasion.
Colour plays a huge role in recognising brands, advertisements and creating the store environments
that influence our purchases so much.
Research shows red creates a sense of urgency, it increases our heart rate and leads to spontaneous
purchases.
Blue is calm, cool and leads us to be more well-considered in our spending.
Researchers found a correlation between pleasant emotions and the wavelength of a colour, so
people felt more pleasant when they were exposed to short wavelength colours, like blue.
One study even looked at how blue and red influence our shopping behaviour.
Two stores were constructed, one with a red colour scheme and one with a blue colour scheme.
Participants were given some money and the task of buying a TV.
It was found there were longer browsing times and more purchases in the blue store.
Another study found that shoppers are 15% more likely to return to a store with blue
color schemes than those with orange color schemes.
But these studies just group colours and effects together.
What about brightness and saturation, the intensity of a colour?
And of course there's more than colour involved, there's influences like smell, music, temperature
and salespeople.
Atmospherics is the conscious designing of space, including all of those things, to create
specific effects in buyers... really the effect of buy, buy, buy and come back soon to buy
more.
Supermarkets, for example, consider the height of shelving, the intensity of lights and the
style of floors to try and create a rustic, marketplace feel, so you're comfortable.
And buy more.
As more and more people now shop online, atmospherics and the art of persuasion are evolving into
more of a science.
Researchers are monitoring the brain activity of their participants while they're browsing
and shopping online.
One study used fMRI and showed subjects a number of potential products, like different
types of chocolate.
They found the activation in a certain brain area (NAcc), normally associated with reward
processing, was positively correlated with their decision to buy the product.
There are lots of factors in an online environment that lead to the activation of this area,
and your purchase.
Some factors you tend to notice, like design cues such as where the text is placed on the
screen.
Studies have shown that text placed to the right of the item can have more influence
on someone buying it than text placed on the left side.
But ambient cues, like music and colour, are thought to be processed subconsciously.
Another study showed that a couch sold twice as well when a furniture website had a blue
background than when it had a green one.
Researchers said perhaps the green background reminded people of money and made them more
reserved, where the blue triggered a relaxed state of mind.
This may all seem trivial, but colour has been shown to influence our mood, behaviour
and what we buy, whether it's in store or online.
And 200 (or so) years after Goethe we're still asking questions about just how colour affects
emotion.
Back in the 1800s he said "We shall not be surprised to find that colour's effects are
immediately associated with the emotions of the mind."
It's just a few years too late for Goethe to be tickled pink with some supporting evidence.
If you haven't already, subscribe to BrainCraft!
I have a new episode out every other week.