- [Instructor] This is a map of East Asia
in the 19th century and you can already see significant
imperial control by Western European powers.
You have the British East India Company in India,
you have the French initially getting a foothold
in Southeast Vietnam in this orange area
but eventually they will take over this entire region
that will become one day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
You have the Dutch in Indonesia and you have the Spanish
in the Philippines, but what we're going to focus on
in this video is the European and in particular the British
attempt to open up the Chinese markets to British trade.
China at the time under the control of the Qing Dynasty.
Well before this period, Chinese products were in demand
in Europe, in particular,
Chinese porcelain and Chinese silk.
Unfortunate for the Europeans, the Chinese did not have
a lot of demand for European products
and so you had a balance of trade problem.
These products would be exported from China into Europe
and you would have hard silver currency going to China.
And so the imperial powers, especially the British,
were looking for a solution, and they eventually found
that opium grown in India, which is a highly addictive drug,
it's the core constituent of heroin and morphine,
could be addictive to the Chinese people and maybe
could help solve this balance of trade problem,
that silver could then flow outside of China.
Well you could imagine the Chinese government,
the Qing Dynasty, had no interest in opium coming in
to China, it was destructive to their society,
it was an addictive drug, but in 1839, the British decide
to force the issue and you have what will be known
as the First Opium War.
This is a picture of the Second Battle of Chuenpi,
you see the British vessel Nemesis, which is actually owned
by a company, the British East India Company,
destroying Chinese junk ships and because of this show
of force and this military superiority,
they were able to win the First Opium War and extract
major concessions from Qing China.
The Chinese had to open up five ports to trade
with the British, they had to give the island of Hong Kong
to the British indefinitely and the British would keep
control of it all the way until the end of the 20th century.
The Chinese had to pay for opium that they destroyed,
they had to give reparations to the British
to pay for the costs of the war.
Now to add insult to injury, the British were not satisfied
and in 1856, you have the Second Opium War,
where they tried to extract even more concessions
from China, after which opium is legalized,
the whole time opium flooding into the country
and really undermining the social fabric of society.
To make matters worse for China, you have a major civil war
in this time period, the Taiping Rebellion,
which was started by this sect of Christianity that viewed
it as their destiny to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
and this is one of the most bloody civil wars
that any nation has seen in history, with over 20 million
people being killed and historians believe that the Qing
concessions to the British and then the French
and also the opium that was undermining Chinese society
was a major contributor to this long and bloody civil war.
These opium wars are often cited by Japanese in this
time period as a reason for their need to industrialize
and become imperial power so that they don't get unraveled
the same way that Qing China does by the Europeans.
But to appreciate that this was even controversial
in Europe.
William Gladstone, as we enter into the First Opium War,
was a young parliamentarian in Britain
and he will eventually be, at the end of the 19th century,
a significant British prime minister.
But as the opium war was beginning,
he gave a famous speech in Parliament.
"It is a matter of certainty that if we stopped
"the exportation of opium from Bengal and broke up
"the depot at Lintin and checked the cultivation of it
"in Malwa and put a moral stigma upon it, that we should
"greatly cripple if not extinguish the trade in it.
"The great principles of justice
"are involved in this matter.
"You," and he's talking to I believe the Foreign Minister
who is an aggressive proponent of the opium wars,
"You will be called upon to show cause for your present
"intention of making war upon the Chinese.
"They gave us notice to abandon the contraband trade,
"the trade in opium.
"When they found that we would not, they had the right
"to drive us from their coasts on account of our obstinacy
"in persisting in this infamous and atrocious traffic."
And opium was addictive and William Gladstone had personal
experience with this, his sister became addicted to opium.
He went on to say, "I am not competent to judge how long
"this war may last, but this I can say, that a war
"more unjust in its origin, a war more calculated
"in its progress to cover this country with permanent
"disgrace, I do not know, and I have not read of."
And a few days later, he wrote,
"I am in dread of the judgments of god upon England
"for our national iniquity towards China."