Hey, guys how are you doing?
Today I wanted to go over the actual way a gas furnace works.
The sequence of events that needs to happen for the furnace to start blowing warm air
into your house.
We’ll start at the thermostat and go all the way to the blower turning on forcing air
into the rooms of your house.
That’s coming up today on Fox Family Heating and Air.
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First, I want to give fair warning to anyone watching this that is not already an experienced
technician in the HVAC industry.
This video is for educational purposes only.
Fox Family Heating and Air does not recommend anyone other than a professional to start
opening the furnace up and trying to diagnose the failure going on with your system.
There are high and low voltages that can shock a person.
There are also lots of moving parts that can damage body parts.
Namely hands and fingers.
The furnace also produces hot surfaces within the furnace compartments and around the housing
which can cause severe burns.
There is an actual flame that is produced by the ignition and startup of a gas furnace
which can cause severe burns and damage to person or property.
When your house reaches a point where the heat needs to come on to keep you comfortable,
a series of components work in a certain order to produce that heat.
The thermostat is the first part in the sequence that engages to make the furnace work.
There’s 24-volt power at the R terminal of the stat already.
Within the workings of the thermostat, 24 volts closes a switch at the W terminal.
That signal is sent to the control board back at the furnace.
The control board is a printed circuit board that has various switches, resistors, and
terminals that act as the quarterback of the heating system.
It calls the plays as they need to happen.
The control board has a terminal block that with screws on it how down a set of thin low
voltage wires coming from the thermostat.
Typically, the colors of these wires are red, yellow, white, green, and blue.
The wires are going to R (red), Y (cooling), white (heat), green (blower motor), and blue
(common) Note: the wire colors don’t matter here.
They’re still copper on the inside of the sheathing.
So, if we use a brown wire for R at the control board then brown needs to be hooked up to
R at the thermostat.
Once the control board receives the signal from the thermostat to turn the heat on, it
tells the inducer motor to come on.
The inducer motor is a major component that removes the carbon monoxide from the flame
of the gas furnace.
It draws the spent gasses into the metal or PVC flue pipe which transfers those fumes
from the furnace to the atmosphere through the roofline.
You may have seen the metal pipe sticking out of the roof on top of your house in the
winter and exhausting a steam into the air.
That’s the exhaust we’re talking about here.
Next is the pressure switch.
This safety device proves that the inducer motor is on and doing it’s job properly.
If it’s not, the sequence shuts down and retries again.
This pressure switch is actually measuring the suction the inducer motor is producing
and sends a signal back to the board letting it know that start-up is working so far.
Meanwhile other low voltage safety switches are sending a signal of all-clear back to
the board.
The are a couple of “roll-out” switches and a high temperature limit switch that have
to prove to the control board all is well there too.
The wires leading to the roll-out, high limit, and pressure switches are usually all wired
in the same series circuit with each other as a safety control.
If any of these safety switches sense anything wrong with the start-up of the heating system,
the sequence stops and retries again.
Next, three components engage in order to light the flame and prove that its lit.
When the pressure switches and other safeties tell the control board all is well, the board
starts the ignition sequence.
First the board sends a signal to the ignitor.
This could be a hot surface ignitor which glows orange, or a spark ignitor which produces
an arc between two metal forks that last for several seconds.
(I have a video that discusses why hot surface ignitors fail that might be of use for you,
too) Whether the ignitor glows or sparks or not,
the next component, 24 volts is sent to the gas valve which opens the diaphragm inside
of it.
It opens allowing natural or propane gas to flow on to the through the metal burner assembly.
The gas now flowing through multiple orifices in the burner assembly reaches the ignitor
which causes a flame to ignite and burn in a controlled fashion straight into the firebox
or heat exchanger.
For the purposes of this video we’ll call it the heat exchanger.
Crossover channels within the burner assembly allow the gas to flow from the first burner
to the last one, where the flame pours over a thin metal safety rod called the flame sensor.
The flame meeting the rod creates a millivolt DC signal to the control board that allows
the gas valve to remain open.
No flame being sensed means gas is flowing uncontrolled throughout the furnace cabinet
which is not good.
At this point we have power, a good thermostat, a functioning inducer motor, ignition, flame,
and flame sensor to verify it, A delay occurs at this point to allow the
heat exchanger to warm up so cold air isn’t sent through the ducts and into the air.
The heat exchanger is a hollow metal box with individual chambers.
The flame pours into each chamber warming the metal to an extreme temperature.
Once hot enough, air that flows over and around the metal box warms quickly from room temperature
to about 100 to 140 degrees.
The temperature is set by the manufacturer and must be closely adhered to keep the system
operating safely and to proper specs.
After this delay is finished the blower starts up and sends forced room temperature air over
the metal heat exchanger at the correct speed.
If the air is sent over too fast the air entering the room won’t be warm enough.
Too slow of air or not enough air and the system gets too hot.
Too hot means the high temperature limit we discussed earlier will open telling the control
board something’s not right.
So, this blower motor really has to be dialed in just right.
Here are some things that can happen when the furnace isn’t starting up correctly:
Now, these next troubleshooting tips are not all inclusive and are not to be taken as scripture
that what is going with the furnace you’re working on is the problem.
These are general problems only.
No power to the board – If the unit is plugged in correctly and the breaker at the main panel
is in the on position, there should be power to the furnace control board.
There is a transformer that can go bad between the outlet and the control board, and they
can and do fail regularly.
The board with proper power can send the high and low voltage signals it needs to in order
be the quarterback and run the plays.
Power, thermostat no inducer motor – Low voltage power is sent from the control board
to the R terminal at the thermostat.
Assuming you have 24 volts there, the thermostat closes the W switch which between now has
24 volts applied to it.
If the 24-volt signal is getting back to the control board’s W terminal, The control
board is supposed to send the high voltage signal to the inducer motor.
If voltage is getting to the inducer motor but it doesn’t run, you likely have a bad
inducer motor or capacitor for the inducer motor if it has one.
If you’re not getting voltage to the inducer motor from the board, you have a bad board
or faulty wiring connection between the two.
Power, thermostat, Inducer, no ignition – If the inducer motor is running, the ignitor
should start glowing or sparking, the gas valve should open allowing the gas to flow,
the gas flame should crossover to the other burners in line and a signal should be received
at the flame sensor telling the board everything is good to go.
As with many components in troubleshooting, if the part is getting power but not operating
it’s likely failed.
If its not getting power from the control board, it’s likely a bad board.
I have a great video on why control boards fail for more information.
Power, thermostat, inducer, ignition, flame, sensor, but no blower – If everything works
as it’s supposed to except the blower motor hasn’t turned on after the flame ignited
after about a minute or so, something is going on there.
If the motor is getting power but not working, the motor or it’s capacitor may have failed.
If the motor is not receiving power from the board, the board is likely bad.
Not all blower motors have capacitors either.
Especially on newer systems made in 2020 or later.
Power thermostat, inducer, ignition, flame, sensor, blower, shuts down on high limit or
roll-out – Lastly, if the blower motor comes on and the system starts heating, but after
a few minutes or even several minutes, the system shuts down, the high temperature limit
switch may have opened causing the system to retry again, after the heat exchanger cools
off.
If the chamber that houses the heat exchanger gets too hot, this high limit switch will
shut the system down.
This could be because of a few things.
First, we have to check that the blower speed setting are correct., next the air filter
could be dirty, ductwork could be too small, or even collapsed, or the evaporator could
be clogged with dirt.
(check out one of my most popular videos that shows what kind of problems a dirty evaporator
coil can create.)
All of these items have one thing in common.
Not enough air flowing over the heat exchanger cause the inside temperature of the furnace
to go over the recommended setting established by the manufacturer.
Although many things can go wrong with the gas furnace, sometimes in combination with
each other, Not much else can go wrong unless something in this sequence goes wrong.
I sure hope this answers some questions you have about troubleshooting a gas furnace.
Be safe and use your head out there.
Don’t get in over your head if you don’t know what you’re doing.
If this is your first time watching our channel, please click subscribe don here on the bottom
right and if you click that little bell next to it, you’ll be notified of all of our
videos as they come out.
Thanks so much for watching and we’ll see you on the video!