(lighthearted music)
- [Steven] We're in Rome on a glorious sunny December day
standing on the capital line looking across the Roman Forum.
- [Beth I think today for most visitors,
this is a very overwhelming place.
It's hard to piece together what's here
we see ancient stones, rows of ancient columns,
some buildings intact, monumental, triumphal arches,
the Colosseum in the distance.
- [Steven] I think many visitors to the Forum come
and in their minds try to reconstruct
what this would have looked like when Rome was an empire.
- [Beth} When we look at the fragments,
we clearly understand those as ruins
but we don't realize that many of them have been restored
have been re erected.
We also see arches like the Arch of Titus,
and it's very easy to imagine that we're looking
at the arch as it stood in antiquity.
And the long passage of more than a millennium
and a half vanishes.
- [Steven] So when we walk through these ruins,
what we're seeing are reminders not only of antiquity,
not only of the later Medieval, the Renaissance
and the Baroque, but also the interventions
of modern archeology.
And one of the things we wanna do in this video
is to identify the way that this space has been understood
and used over the years.
- [Beth] A place we need to begin is to understand
the critical importance of this site
for ancient Rome itself.
This is where Romulus and Remus settled
where Rome built their temple to their supreme god,
Jupiter Optimist Maximus on the Capitoline Hill.
We can look over at the Palatine Hill where the Emperor's
built their palaces and then this valley
that was this critically important central civic space
for ancient Rome for hundreds of years.
- [Steven] This Valley was the administrative
and cultural center of the city of Rome
and the city of Rome, in turn was the center
of the Roman Empire.
And so there is no more important site.
- [Beth] So we're talking about one of the greatest empires
the world has ever known one that stretched
from England to the Levant, North Africa
embraced so many different peoples,
and that grew over centuries.
So starting at the small city,
and eventually conquering much of the Mediterranean.
- [Steven] If we look to our left,
we can see the reconstructed Senate.
This is a reminder of Rome before the Empire
when Rome was a republic
behind that, are the Imperial Fora,
where emperors created spaces to honor themselves
at a time when there was no more room to build here.
- [Beth] And so the Forum as a place where the Civic
and religious life of the ancient Romans came together,
there were spaces dedicated to emperors
dedicated to their favorite gods, there were places
to offer sacrifices that the far eastern end
is the ruins of an enormous structure
that we know is the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine,
important administrative building.
This is not a site that was built at once
and then stayed the same.
But that evolved over centuries,
as emperors wanted to identify with the space,
and they built around it and continue to expand it.
- [Steven] And so this was under continuous renewal
in the ancient world, but change didn't stop then.
Slowly over time, Rome became a Christian city.
By the fourth century, CE,
we see a dramatic change, from the pagan to the Christian
and the Emperor who's most associated
with that is Constantine, who according to tradition,
converted to Christianity on his deathbed.
- [Beth] And ultimately, by the end of the fourth century,
Rome becomes officially Christian.
And so buildings that were once Hagen
become reused as Christian spaces.
- [Steven] And this is important because this preserve
those ancient buildings.
Ancient buildings were often pillaged,
were often dismantled for their high quality stone
and reused unless they happen to be reused as churches.
And in that case, they were preserved.
- [Beth] We can think of the church of Santa Maria Antigua,
so we're looking at pagan Rome,
but we're also looking at Christian Rome.
There's also the church of saints Cosmas and Damian,
which was built from pagan remains.
- [Steven] And it's important to remember that it was
during the reign of Constantine that Rome lost its status
as the capital of the Empire.
The capital was moved far to the east
to the city that was renamed Constantinople,
which we now call Istanbul.
So the Roman Empire then had two centers.
It had this new administrative and political capital
in the east and it had this historical capital in the west.
- [Beth] But importantly here in the West,
in the early fifth century, the city of Rome was invaded
and conquered, Italy itself was overrun
by people we call the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths
and ultimately caused the dissolution
of this once united Empire.
- [Steven] And after the fourth century,
the Roman Empire really only continues to exist in the east.
- [Beth] The Christian buildings in the Roman Forum
remain in use.
Pilgrims come from all over to visit Rome
to visit the church that Constantine created
on the other side of the Tiber River,
the Church of St. Peter's.
- [Steven] And it was during the Medieval period
that Rome experiences an enormous drop in its population
what was once an enormous Metropolitan center
becomes largely emptied out and in fact, the Forum
gains a new nickname, The Cow Pasture.
It is a largely abandoned space
where animals now were grazing.
- [Beth] The idea of the Forum as overgrown
with vegetation as a place that was ideal
for grazing animals is hard to imagine for us today
and in some ways was probably very beautiful with all
of this natural overgrowth over these beautiful ruins.
- [Steven] Well, we can get a sense of how different
the Forum looked before the modern era
if we look at the Prince of Piranesi.
One of the first things we notice is that the ground level
was much higher than it is now.
Over time debris accumulates, soil accumulates,
the churches that were built on the Forum
were built with their entrances 20 feet higher
than the present ground level.
And so what we're seeing in the modern era
is the result of modern excavations.
- [Beth] The result of centuries of archeology
and archeology that at various times had different goals.
So in the 18th century, the goal was different than it was,
for example, in the early 20th century with Mussolini
and modern archeologists today have different values
than the archeologists of the past.
Today were more reluctant to dig all the way down
to the classical remains.
We're also concerned about the medieval era.
But there was a time when all that mattered
For example, in the 18th century, in the 17th century
were those classical remains.
So let's talk about that rediscovering
of classical antiquity, this new interest
in what was here that began in the 14th and 15th century
in the beginnings of the Renaissance.
(lighthearted music)