- [Destin] What is this?
- Apollo 11, the first mission.
- [Destin] This is Apollo 11?
- [Andrea] The first mission, these are the samples,
all the samples that were brought back
from the Apollo 11 mission.
- [Destin] Is it still awesome for you?
- It's awesome, yes.
- [Destin] It's very awesome.
- Only place in the world
that you can actually work with moon rocks
every day, with the amount of samples that we do.
- That's amazing.
(beeps)
Hey it's me Destin, welcome back to Smarter Every Day,
I've always wanted to do this intro.
So, four years ago I had the tremendous opportunity
of going to Johnson Space Center
to the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility.
Basically it's as close as you can be
to going to the moon on Earth. [Astronaut transmissions]
When the astronauts got off of the lander,
one of their main jobs was to collect rocks, right?
Now I've always though they would just
gather these rocks and get 'em back on the lander
real quick 'cause they had a limited amount of time, oh no.
They had to approach a specific rock, a specific way
and capture it in such a way
that we could study it decades later.
Today on Smarter Every Day we're gonna go
to the facility on the Earth
where they keep the moon rocks.
Where the process 'em, where they cut 'em up
and give some pieces to museums and universities,
it is an awesome facility.
So we're gonna go meet
one of my favorite people on the planet: Andrea,
she's the director of the facility,
we're gonna go see what they do with moon rocks today.
Hey it's me Destin, welcome back to Smarter Every Day,
we are at Johnson Space Center
and we are about to go see real moon rocks.
But first, we have to get the camera cleaned off.
So why are you cleaning it?
- [Woman] To get any kind of outside particles, dirt, off.
You're going into a clean room.
- Got it, so we're gonna bunny suit up.
- [Woman] Yes sir.
- And so you're putting booties on
that have not been exposed to dirt or anything,
so now you're in the clean area.
And as we go back.
- [Destin] It gets progressively more clean?
- Exactly. - I see, okay.
- And the rooms are pressurized so that they clean air
flows outwards, so that the dirty does not.
Like this door is open.
- Air is flowing that way.
This takes a while. (chuckling)
All right, I hope I don't have to pee during this.
- I hope you do.
(laughing)
So you're one of the only people in the world
that get to operate with moon rocks on a daily basis?
- One of few, we have a special group here
and that's our task, daily we work with the lunar samples.
- [Destin] No no no, you're giving me the NASA voice.
(laughing)
I want the Andrea voice, I don't want the NASA voice.
(coughing)
(laughing)
So every day, you get to mess with moon rocks.
- Yes, every day we work--
- [Destin] Is it pretty cool?
- It's a cool thing, work with the moon rocks every day,
a special group of people and that's what we do.
- That's awesome. (laughing)
That was still the NASA voice.
(laughing)
So how long have you been doing this?
- I've been doing this for 39 years,
and I was just one when I started working here.
(laughing)
- [Destin] So you're 40.
- That's my story and I'm sticking to it.
- That's great, that's awesome.
This is who I wanna work with here, this is good.
- We're gonna go into our air shower,
and we stay in there for one minute
and it's laminal flow, so that--
- [Destin] You have no idea how much--
- The less clean area and the clean--
- [Destin] You have no idea how much I like laminar flow.
You don't even know, I can't even explain it to you.
- Then you really love it? - I do.
So here we go.
- Okay, here we go.
And only four can go in here at a time,
so one, two, three.
- [Destin] No way, so the air.
- That's where they are now.
- Is our minute up?
- Yes. - Our microwave's done?
- [Andrea] So watch your step down.
- [Destin] I'm watching it, boom.
Bam, wow, all right.
- What's your schedule, how long are you here?
[Destin] I'm on the moon
as far as I'm concerned.
(laughing)
[Destin] So I don't care how long this takes!
So what are we doing now?
- We're in our Pristine Sample Lab.
And so there were six missions that went to the moon
from 1969 to 1972, bringing back 842 pounds of moon rocks,
which is 382 kilograms.
Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17
and those samples are curated here in this laboratory.
In these nitrogen filled cabinets,
a very pure type nitrogen gas.
This is Apollo 17.
So I'm going to pull off the gloves.
This is a neoprene glove that was use
and we can not touch the sample with these gloves
if they're unbagged,
but the samples that I'm gonna show you are actually bagged.
And later on I'm gonna let you go into a cabinet as well,
but there won't be any samples in that cabinet.
[Destin] Gotcha.
This is Apollo 17's sample,
the sample number 76315,89.
So you know that this sample has been broken
at least into 89 pieces.
- [Destin] This is how they're indexed.
- This is how they're, yes,
and this is how they're packaged for storage.
- [Destin] You only touch the moon rocks with tools
that you're holding with gloves, right?
- If the moon rocks are open,
then we only touch them with Teflon, aluminum
or stainless steel so there would be tweezers
or Teflon gloves, and this is a pair--
- [Destin] Gloves over your gloves?
- Gloves over the gloves.
- Wow. - Exactly.
- [Destin] That's amazing.
You're controlling the materials
that actually touch the moon rocks.
You said Teflon--
- Aluminum, stainless steel.
- So even if they see that material on the sample
when they're analyzing it, they just subtract it out
'cause they know that that's what you're
manipulating it with, that makes sense.
Finger, finger, finger, finger finger.
- Grab, make a fist.
- Grab, punch? - Yes.
Keep going, wiggle your hand around... perfect!
- Got it, got it. Okay?
- One more. - All right.
Leaning how to grab and touch lunar rocks, all right.
We good, we're in, we're in.
- Pull that tray really over there,
you see the one with the top on?
- Oh my goodness. - Pull it toward you.
- There's no way I can get to that.
- [Andrea] Yes you can, reach.
- Okay, got it.
- There's no such thing as I can't.
- Excellent.
- [Andrea] Okay, take the lid off and sit it on the floor.
- Me and you could hang out.
- Okay, there's a black pedal on the floor.
Push down the black pedal and look,
it's gonna go to zero, take your foot up.
- Oh you just, got it.
- You're taring it out,
now put one of those weights gently on the balance.
- This is a super-balance isn't it?
Gently on the balance.
- You break it you bought it.
I'm not gonna break it.
- Okay that's actually 100 gram weight.
- Wow, down to the microgram.
- [Andrea] And 100 gram [Destin]-milligams actually weighs 99.99974,
but we have a plus or minus tolerance
so it's within the range.
- I see.
- If it was not within the range
then we would have to stop right now,
get a technician to tweak the balance,
before we go any further.
- [Destin] Good grief, so uncertainty and accuracy--
- Is important. - Is super important.
This lab serves as a kind of staging area.
NASA uses it to provide lunar material
to academia for study.
But the lab itself is supplied by the vault.
When you walk into this room
and you know that it contains
some of the most precious material on Earth,
it's an absolutely surreal experience.
This is it?
- This is the pristine sample vault,
and all the samples are actually still stored
in nitrogen cabinets, also by mission.
You can look up there you can see the mission,
just like, also by mission just like that.
- [Destin] What is this?
- Apollo 11, the first mission.
- [Destin] This is Apollo 11?
- [Andrea] The first mission,
these are the samples, all the samples
that were brought back from the Apollo 11 mission.
- [Destin] Is it still awesome for you?
- It's awesome, yes.
- [Destin] So all the moon rocks in the entire world,
the major moon rocks,
all of 'em are in this room.
- Yes, starting with Apollo 11 over in the corner.
That's Apollo 12, these are 14's, 15's, 16's and 17's.
- [Destin] That's crazy.
So why don't we have it in multiple locations?
Like why aren't half of 'em in a mountain in Colorado?
- There is another remote facility that we have
just in case Johnson Space Center was destroyed,
we have 15% of the samples stored
in a remote location for storage.
- [Destin] Somewhere else is all you're gonna tell me.
- Somewhere else. - Got it.
That's awesome!
That's why we call it "remote". (laughing)
- [Destin] Thank you.
- Each one of them have a security seal on there,
which mean that we have inventoried every sample
in those cabins and we know our database has
every sample, every container number,
every sample weight, and sample description
in there for everything that's in it.
- [Destin] Wow, that's crazy.
So do you have a photographic index of all of these?
- Yes, we do. - You do.
- Yes. - Wow.
And so that's how you go through and select what you want.
- You know the-- - Exactly.
- Composition? - Yes.
We have a description of everything,
all the rocks were described.
This is a open tray, because there's no seal on it.
- [Destin] I see.
(tray bangs) Is it heavy?
- Yes it is. - Okay. (laughs)
- [Andrea] And there are the Apollo 15 samples.
- [Destin] That's an actual rock right there?
- [Andrea] Yes it is.
And the number is 15499,179.
So it lets you know it's been broken at least 179 times.
- [Destin] So it was a much bigger rock
when you first got it. - Yes, yes
- [Destin] That's amazing.
That is pretty interesting, so how,
is it a big deal when you get to chip a big rock?
- Yes it is, and actually you're gonna see the process
when we go back into the lab.
- Really? - You'll see a large sample
that's being worked on.
- [Destin] Oh that's awesome.
When they brought 'em off the moon,
did they have 'em in nitrogen or anything on the way back?
- They were in bags,
they were not in nitrogen they were sealed in bags,
[Destin] oh I see-- [Andrea] and different, yes.
(mumbling) [Destin] Gotcha.
Judy's the expert on this
- They took two of rock boxes on every mission.
- [Destin] Really?
carved out of a single peice of Aluminum alloy 775 and triple gaskets.
Those were to be closed on the moon in vacuum
and remain in vacuum and for Apollo 11 and 12.
They were opened in the vacuum.
- No way!
In my head it's like they got inside the ascent module
and just threw rocks on the floor.
I know that's not how it happened
but in my head, y'know it's like a pickup truck.
- Some were sealed in the vacuum boxes
on the surface of the moon,
they weren't opened 'til they were opened here.
-(beep) I don't know why I've never thought about this,
but you can't just pick up a rock on the moon,
throw it in the lander and bring it back to Earth.
Because by the time you get in the lander,
the oxygenated environment in the lander
is going to change the chemical composition of the rock
as it oxidizes right?
So how do you get rock back to Earth
without Earth and the atmosphere contaminating it?
The answer is a super fancy box.
They can put it in there in bags of course,
and then they can seal it up
and get it all the way back to Earth in a vacuum
so it can still be studied today
with the same chemical composition
as it had on the moon.
- [Neil Armstrong] We know that there are
a lot of scientists from a number of countries
standing by see the lunar samples,
and we thought you'd be interested in seeing
that they really are here.
These two boxes are the sample return
they are vacuum packed containers
that were closed in the vacuum on the lunar surface,
sealed, and then brought inside the LM (Lunar Module)
and put inside these fiberglass bags,
zippered and resealed around the outside
and placed in these receptacles
in the side of the command module.
- [Destin] I found a really cool report from NASA
that explained how the processed the moon rocks
from Apollo 11 and 12 in a vacuum.
Turns out this was an incredibly difficult
ordeal to figure out.
According to this report they had to basically make
a reverse space suit, arms and everything.
They developed special storage containers,
tweezers, all kinds of things.
But in the end reports say that it made more sense
to process the lunar material under atmospheric pressure
using dry nitrogen.
- We had vacuum glove box
It was not easy to maintain,
y'know if you got any kind of leak
you got stuff from outside inside
and if you'll notice these are all positive pressure cabinets
so it keeps the rocks clean.
- [Destin] We went back to the lab
and I got to witness Charice in the process
of preparing a large moon rock for a scientist.
They team explained to me how they gather tools
they brought back more stuff and so those boxes were full They team explained to me how they gather tools
into the glove box without contaminating the samples. they brought back more stuff and so those boxes were full
and so the later missions had extra bags and stuff into the glove box without contaminating the samples.
Everything that enters the presence of the moon rocks and so the later missions had extra bags and stuff
has to be cleaned via a special procedure. and so the later missions had extra bags and stuff
that were not in these sealed boxes, has to be cleaned via a special procedure.
Think about it, tools, nameplates, bags. that were not in these sealed boxes,
they came back in the crew cabin. Think about it, tools, nameplates, bags.
Think about it, tools, nameplates, bags.
If any of these items are dirty
they could become a source of contamination.
If it goes into that cabinet with the rocks,
it better be clean.
Every tool, every nameplate, everything that's used
to process the rocks is cleaned to an insane
specification and then it's triple bagged.
These bags are then removed in succession
as the tools get closer and closer to the moon rocks
to avoid contamination at every step.
For example here you can see me putting on
a second set of gloves just to touch the second bag,
before placing this chipping bowl into the air lock.
So, I'm jus gonna turn this up?
What flow rate do you want?
- [Andrea] Just go to 100, 100 is good.
Then you go purge for five minutes.
- [Destin] Five minute purge?
- [Andrea] Uh-huh.
- [Destin] And so that's purging the airlock,
which is there which is where I put the tools. [Andrea] Exactly.
And you're gonna reach and get the tools,
or she's gonna do that.
- She's gonna do it when she comes in,
she's gonna turn the airlock off, the flow, [Destin] Ok
and then she's gonna reach in and pull in the tool.
- [Destin] What are these I'm looking at?
- [Andrea] Datapacks, which is the history of every, every,
this is what NASA tells us to do.
We get curatory orders that tell you exactly what to do
and this was done in 1985,
okay now these of course are,
and the first thing I told you we had to do
was weigh the rock to make sure
that the rock is within tolerance.
So I did this back in 1985.
- [Destin] Did you really? You're not that old.
- I know, somebody forged this.
(laughing) Who did that?
(laughing)
And, this is the first thing you do.
- [Destin] Okay--
[Andrea] You take a picture of the rock from whatever side you,
this is the bottom face.
Then you walk to the other side, and you take the top face.
That's where you want the saw to go right there,
and it's gonna come out right there.
- [Destin] What kind of saw do you use?
- Bandsaw, it's the old (indisctinct) meat cutter
that was modified so it has a diamond edge blade
so that no oil or lubricants is used,
'cause that would contaminate the surface of the sample.
We'll show it to you,
it's right over in the other room, so.
- [Destin] Cool, so you saw it?
- [Andrea] Yes, and as you saw it,
every time a piece break off
you have to stop and take a picture.
Now 15459,0 is the parent.
Comma zero is the parent of every rock,
but every time a piece breaks off, you take a picture
and give it a number.
- Wow. - Because as you're
going through, see how those pieces are breaking?
- [Destin] Oh so right here, so you got the little pieces.
- [Andrea] You got a whole bunch of pieces breaking off.
You gotta put it back together.
- [Destin] Oh my goodness.
- [Andrea] Like a puzzle.
- [Destin] And then you also have to figure out the--
- [Andrea] You have to know every number for it.
- Really? - Absolutely.
Because see if you got this little white piece
off that number 254
[Destin] Right-- years ago
and now you wanna do studies of the same bit
and somebody has used it up,
you can actually come and find the other part
that's on 252 right there of the same mineral.
- [Destin] Good gracious.
- So you have to know where every sample came from.
We know if a rock has been broken up into 2000 pieces
literally from looking at the pictures
you could know exactly how to put it back together
and know where all the pieces came from.
- [Destin] Take just a second to think about
how complex this problem is.
Every single angle is photographed,
some parts even down to the microscopic level
so you can put the entire rock back together
with nothing but photographs and paperwork.
One thing you'll see in most of these photos
of the moon rocks is these little cubes off to the side
that I like to call letter dice.
- [Andrea] The cube, north south east west top bottom,
you see the cubes just in there?
The astronauts took pictures of the sample on the moon
and gave them orientation and we keep that orientation.
If we break and flip the rock we flip the cube
so that we'll know exactly where the sample was positioned
in respect to the location on the moon,
and I'm gonna show you a picture of that in a few minutes.
- [Destin] I would've never thought to think about
how important it was. [Andrea] the detail?
- It's very important because you wanna know
if it was exposed to cosmic rays, solar wind, whatever.
What was the depth? Was sitting on the surface of the moon?
Was it buried underneath something?
All of that is important in the research
that the PIs are doing.
- These are not letter dice, which,
if you say letter dice
people will make fun of you won't they?
- They're orientation cubes.
- [Destin] Orientation cubes?
- Yeah, I'm glad I know that now.
- [Destin] Okay what do we have, what are the letters?
- So, y'know, north, south, east and west
and then top and bottom.
- Gotcha, okay, letter dice.
(laughing)
You've forgotten more about the moon
than most people will ever know, haven't you?
- (laughs) and I have forgotten...
- [Destin] (laughs) That's amazing .
- And this is an Apollo 11 soil sample.
- [Destin] Really?
- You can hold this.
- [Destin] I can hold it?
I would love to hold that.
- It's Apollo 11 sample, what's the number?
- [Destin] 10071--
- Comma.
- [Destin] Comma 11, but hold on there's,
you said it's broken apart.
- Yeah, this is comma 11 so there's a comma 12,
there's a comma 15, there's a comma 100,
but this is once it gets this number comma 11--
- [Destin] So there was a sample
and you just took some out and that's those, [Andrea] Yes.
together are the sample.
- Exactly. - That's amazing.
- This is a returned sample so it actually
has gone outside, because they did their studies and analysis
it could've been in one piece when they got it
and now it came back broken into these pieces.
But they still have to return the sample.
- Andrea let me hold it.
- They still have to. (laughs)
- It's in a bag, I don't care, I got to hold it.
Thank you.
I really appreciate that.
Thank you for all your time, ladies, it was amazing.
I appreciate that.
So, I'm Destin you're getting Smarter Every Day,
have a good one.
It was awesome.
A huge thank you to Johnson Space Center
for actually letting me go into the facility
where they store the moon rocks,
I am very grateful thank you Gordon,
thank you Andrea, it's a huge deal.
Also thanks to the US Space and Rocket Center
for letting me film on the moon.
There's two things you can do if you want to,
number one is you can subscribe
to Smarter Every Day, if you'd like to,
if you like this kinda thing.
Number two is consider going to watch
one of these videos from our friends.
One is Joe Hanson from It's "Okay To Be Smart",
he talks about what we actually learn from these rocks.
And the other one is Brady Haran my buddy,
he's got a channel called "Objectvity",
he's taught specifically about the genesis rock
which is a really cool rock
that taught us a ton of stuff.
I'm Destin, you're getting Smarter Every Day,
have a good one, I will now slow down my footage.
(beep)
(laughing)
Does that work at all?
(laughing)