hello wonderful person this is Anton and in this video we're going to briefly talk
about these incredible creations known as the astrophysical jets these very
very large Louie's are like projections that you see emanated from the
supermassive black hole Sagittarius a star right here are actually still not
really well understood as a matter of fact there's still quite a lot of
mysteries behind them but luckily for us the most recent version of space engine
actually now includes them as part of the simulation so I'm going to take a
look at this and also give you an idea of what we actually know about them as
of today welcome to Adam Ant
so one day we might actually finally be able to see what our supermassive black
hole looks like and chances are it will have something like this a very large
jet emanating from two sites now these projections are normally referred to as
astrophysical jets and not just black holes actually have them as a matter of
fact many objects that have very very high magnetic field and are also
spinning really fast have them as well as a matter of fact we know that several
neutron stars have them as well and and when we actually see it pointed at us
that's when we normally refer to those neutron stars pulsars now like I said we
don't really yet understand entirely how these Jets are formed even though we are
sure that there's actually quite a lot of correlation between the actual jet
the size of the actual black hole the amount of stuff it absorbs and the
length of the jet overall as a matter of fact some of the more recent studies
discovered that the most supermassive black holes that absorb the most
material usually have much higher accretion disk around them and as a
result have much longer much more powerful looking Jets and so there is
definitely a lot to actually still learn here but what do we actually know about
these Jets well first of all um for neutron stars we are not entirely sure
what makes them the way they are because we've discovered at least a few neutron
stars that don't seem to spin very fast and they also don't seem to have that
much of a accretion disk but they still produce very powerful Jets and the best
example is actually right here this is the light house nebula that you see
right there and the supernova remnant from which it was formed and we know
that there there is actually quite a strong yet emanating here and you can
actually even see it here's the zoomed in version of this but we also know that
this particular a neutron star doesn't really spin as fast as the other ones
but the jet is still very powerful and very large as a matter of fact this here
is 37 light-years long which is 10 times the distance from Earth to the closest
star to us and it's basically the longest jet in
our galaxy but we can't really explain a real role because we expected these jets
to form around really really really fast spinning neutron stars so this suggests
that maybe just maybe a neutron star Jets and black hole Jets actually have
different mechanisms of creation for a typical supermassive black hole we think
that the way that this actually forms is because of the accretion disk and the
amount of material that generates very very powerful magnetic field on the
inside so one of the most prominent theories explaining how these Jets are
formed suggests that as the material spins around the black hole it creates
these very powerful magnetic strips or magnetic lines that because of the spin
actually starts tangling together and create these patterns that you see on
the screen and the material itself because it's actually charged follows
the magnetic lines and comes off from two directions because of these very
unusual but also very very powerful magnetic lines that create these two
shapes so that sound one of the potential explanations for how these
Jets are formed but another one actually involves a little bit more space-time
theories and also the idea of space-time itself stretching and being kind of
affected by the black hole in a very unusual way this particular theory known
as pentose mechanism actually talks about the idea of a fast spinning black
hole producing what's known as the air goes fear now I've actually mentioned
this concept I think in a video about a year ago but a much much better video to
watch is by these guys the famous youtubers which produce really cool
animations known as ker guests that I think I don't really know how to
pronounce it I looked it up right before making this video but I totally forgot
anyway it's a german word that means in a nutshell
so they made a really cool video talking about the black holes where the actual
black hole spins really fast and i'm posting the link to it in the
description below and they also explain the idea of Erebus fear really well
and the main point here is it actually creates really crazy effects on the
inside where you can use it to generate energy so for example an object falling
into a ergo sphere can then actually leave the ergosphere with about up to
20% more energy and you can actually use this to generate tremendous amounts of
or technically free energy that's coming from the black hole itself and so
because of the frame dragging the actual space itself is stretched in such a way
that by the time you leave the ergosphere you'll leave from two
directions and this is um the second explanation for how we think maybe these
Jets are actually formed but as of today there is no actual definitive answer to
this the only definitive answer is really to the fact that we actually
understand how the jet propagates afterwards and the actual structure as
well so we know that like I said depending on the power of the black hole
the jet may actually travel for a really really long distance as a matter of fact
it can be millions and millions of light-years long and we know that every
single jet will then have several shockwaves internal shockwaves and also
external shockwaves as it hits material somewhere far away from the black hole
but the most important thing about the jet itself is that we think that for the
most part this is actually made out of neutral electrons and positrons and also
nuclei all mixed together and that then basically travel kind of like in a sense
a laser really really really fast but not at the speed of light as a matter of
fact the actual speed itself determines how fast and how far the jet will
propagate now one of the most famous Jets and I guess one of the most well
studied is the closest galaxies to us that shows this and this is an actual
photo of that galaxy in a galaxy known as Centaurus a and as you can see the
jet here is not really long as a matter of fact it's only the shortest ones
we've seen so far mostly because the actual black hole in the middle
most likely does not produce very strong accretion disk that then doesn't produce
a very long jet but nevertheless there are definitely visible Jets coming from
both sides and the length of these Jets can be ridiculous
so you could have a jet equivalent to I guess imagine like a hole that's about 2
centimeters or about 1 inch in diameter and it's spraying water that goes off to
about 10,000 kilometers or about 7,000 miles that's how far and how the
extremities Jets actually are and interestingly even the Jets themselves
can actually have two major types and once again we're not entirely sure why
yet but we know that some Jets become less bright with distance but
some Jets for some reason actually acquire a brighter edge the farther they
need travel and so we think there's actually two different types of jets and
cannot also be formed but I guess the coolest part about these things is why
they actually remain so stable over such long distances and this actually does
have to do with the theory of relativity and also with the the fact that as you
approach the speed of light time slows down now like I said the faster they
travel the more far away the jet will actually propagate and so here as the
actual particles themselves start traveling close to the speed of light
the time for them slows down and so the interaction between them doesn't
actually for the outside observer doesn't happen in the same timeframe as
it does for those particles on the inside of the jet if it travels really
really fast the particles will actually be kind of I guess lagging in the sense
and will not interact with each other until much much later on and so that's
why some Jets can be so long because literally it's kind of like they're
frozen in time but not really they're just moving really really slow it
basically takes much longer for the parts inside the jet to interact and
communicate with each other if they're moving at ridiculously high speeds
but the most recent research specifically the one that actually
studied 217 of the supermassive black holes discovered that just as we thought
this is actually an extremely efficient way of producing energy as a matter of
fact we think that this is probably the most efficient energy production in the
universe it essentially loses almost no energy whatsoever and creates these
ridiculously powerful creations we see all over the universe we also
discover that the luminosity of the disk itself the accretion disk is affected by
the amount of stuff that falls into the black hole and then reflects on the
length and power of the Jets and so in a sense this suggests that if one day we
use black holes to create energy all we need to do is just give them more mass
to absorb and and this will create a much more powerful jet and produce a lot
more energy but it's very very efficiently much more efficiently than
any nuclear power reactor now a lot of these mysteries and secrets will most
likely be resolved when we finally get to actually see the first picture of the
supermassive black hole in the middle of our galaxy that is still actually being
processed by these scientists it was originally taken just over a year ago
and that's when I first made a video about them releasing the picture of the
black hole but because of the amount of data that they collected and because of
the difficulty of processing so much data they still haven't really released
the actual image hopefully that image will actually show us something that may
actually look like this or it might actually create another mystery by not
showing any of this at all but for now that's unfortunately all we know and
this is actually what a neutron star jet may look like if you were to approach it
relatively close as we discover new things I'm going to make another video
explaining those new discoveries but for now that's all I wanted to say in this
video and if you enjoyed it don't forget to subscribe share this video with
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also maybe even consider supporting this channel patreon because it does help me
quite a lot now this version of space engine as I mentioned is not actually
available to public yet because it's a beta version but I believe it's in the
progress of being released to the public really soon so you'll get to actually
observe and enjoy these really beautiful jet creations that you see right here
now it's not perfect yet but it's definitely a lot better than what we had
before anyway I'll see you guys later space out and as always a byte
you