Ahoy! Welcome on board! Come on in! Normally I would be welcoming you to the Imperial War
Museum where I work. And if we were there, well, we'd have aeroplanes hanging from the
ceiling above us, to our left would be a mini submarine, wooden boats, torpedoes, helmets,
paintings, photographs and film. All the things that the museum had collected over the years
to help us tell some really difficult stories about war and conflict and how that has affected
real people's lives. Now at the moment, we’re going through some pretty difficult circumstances
ourselves. Which is why you're at home and I'm at home and my home is a boat. And so
I'm really glad that you've joined me here today because my boat is pretty old and if
she could tell you her stories she could talk to you about the Second World War which is
when she was built. However, she can't speak but I can tell you some stories and that's
my job at the museum. My name is Ngaire and I work there to share fascinating stories
about real people's lives and how they've coped with some really difficult situations.
Luckily, I've got lots of friends that help me to tell these stories. They are all quite
elderly now in their 80s and 90s, but when they were about your age they lived through
the Second World War. And some of them were what's called Evacuees and some of them weren't
evacuated, but I want to share some of their stories with you today. Because we're going
to think about shelters, taking shelter, a bit like a den, making yourself feel safe
and protected. In 1939, when the Second World War broke out, unlike previous wars when you'd
send your Army or your Navy or your Air Force to go and fight far away. Because bombing
had been invented suddenly the battlefield was people's homes, was your living room.
Because the threat of bombing meant that everywhere was a potential target for the enemy. Now,
if you lived in a big city like Liverpool with it's important docks or Plymouth or Edinburgh
where they were building ships for the Navy then you were in particular risk because it
was those targets that were particularly hit by the enemy bombers. My boat is in London,
on the river Thames, and so the bombers would often target this part of the city because
there were some really big industries here lots of docks, lots of cargo and goods coming
into the city. So every city across the UK was affected and potentially vulnerable to
bombing. So people had to be made to feel safe in their homes and so there were several
ways you could do that. My friend Kitty, she lived in London as well in a place called
Camberwell which is pretty near where the Imperial War Museum is today. She lived in
a block of flats. Now, in a block of flats you don't have a garden to put your shelter
or your den so the council built a communal shelter. So I'd like you to imagine in the
middle of the block of flats there's a grassy space and the council dug down and lined a
shelter, a bomb shelter, down there. Pretty amazing, however conditions were quite difficult.
Up to 100 people sharing this space, only one toilet so you can start to imagine the
smells. People had to think of ways to help pass, Kitty was being told to stand up and
sing songs to amuse people and help pass the time. And when the siren sounded and people
had to rush to the shelter maybe they grabbed a few things to help them, a favourite teddy
bear perhaps just to bring you a little bit of extra comfort while you were inside the
shelter in somewhere quite difficult to be in with all the sounds of the bombing outside.
Some people did have their own homes, they had a garden. And if that was the case then
you could build a shelter in your garden called an Anderson Shelter. There's a lovely gentleman
who used to come to the museum very often and his name is John Allpress. John was just
10 when the Second World War broke out and he remembers one day the street all received
a delivery of lots of corrugated iron and his Mum and Dad had to dig a big hole in the
garden and put the corrugated iron as an arc and this became their Anderson Shelter. And
the other thing you could do to make it extra safe is put lots and lots of soil on top and
some people even grew vegetables in the soil that went over the top of their Anderson Shelter.
Another person who remembers having a shelter is my friend Brenda. Now, Brenda was quite
a stubborn little girl so when her school was offered the chance to be evacuated she
refused to go. Sometimes children were sent away from the cities because it was just so
dangerous and their shelters became the countryside. They went to stay with people in the country
where it was a lot safer and they were known as Evacuees. Well, Brenda refused to be an
evacuee, she said she was 'unevacuateable' and she managed to persuade Mum and Dad to
let her stay at home.
One of the reasons that she was able to stay was because her mum was deaf, and so couldn’t
hear the sirens. Sirens were really loud, everyone could hear them, and they were the
signal that a bombing raid was expected and to get into your place of safety.
Because Brenda’s mum was deaf, she couldn’t hear the sirens, so Brenda actually did a
really useful job for her mum, by letting her know that the siren was going and that
they had to go into the garden and down into their Anderson shelter, Now in order to make
their Anderson shelter a little bit more comfortable, Brenda’s dad had rigged up some electricity
cable so that it had power, which meant she could sit and read. And it also meant that
they had a little way of cooking a pot of soup, so Brenda’s mum would often have a
giant cooking pot and she’d have soup in there so if they had to rush to the shelter,
she’d carry the pot and was then she was able to light this little stove and heat up
the soup, so at least they had some food while they were in there. And that helped keep them
warm as well. Remember, these shelters were in people’s
gardens so they were pretty cold and they could get quite damp as well, they were dug
down remember into the ground to make them safe and so often water would seep in from
beneath. So they were not the most comfortable of places but they certainly were safe. If
a bomb landed nearby and there were bits of shrapnel flying about the metal of the shelter
would protect those people inside. And by shrapnel, I mean sort of things like this.
This is a very sharp so I’m handling it quite carefully, jagged piece of metal and
this was a splinter. And normally when I say splinter you might think of a little piece
of wood that gets stuck into your finger, that’s what I mean by a shell splinter.
And it’s incredibly sharp you can probably see the jagged edges there and when bombs
landed and exploded not only was there fire and the last of the explosion but these shards
of twisted hot jagged metal would fly through the air and of course cause some really terrible
injuries, so if you’re in your shelter, so if you’re Kitty inside the shelter in
the flats, or if you’re Brenda inside your Anderson shelter in your garden, the metal
of the shelter and the fact that you’ve dug down, is going to protect you from things
like this.So they were really good ways of making people feel safe and protected.
Not everyone had a garden. So what did you do then? Well, Graham, who lived in Birmingham
remembers that they had a room that was big enough for what was called a ‘Morrison Shelter’.
Now a Morrison Shelter, well, if you imagine a rabbit hutch, so, a grid of metal squares,
interlocking squares - very very sturdy, with strong metal supports - and a giant rabbit
hutch, big enough to fit in about three or four human beings. So a large metal box.
And Graham remembers having one of these in his house, and inside there, Mum, Dad and
Graham could shelter, could feel safe. Graham’s Dad worked on the railways, so again one of
these really important jobs that had to be done. So if he was home when the sirens came,
it meant three of them squishing into the Morrison Shelter.
Another person who I know at the museum is a lovely lady called Jill. And Jill remembers
also having one of these Morrison Shelters, and because it was quite large - remember
it’s large enough to have a long human being in it, then it took up a lot of space and
it kind of took over the front room, where Jill’s family lived. And so Jill’s Dad
made a wooden top for the Morrison shelter, and then it became their dining table, so
you lay a table cloth over it, and you could have your meals sitting at it, and try and
pretend it was something a little bit more normal than having a shelter in your room
all of the time. Morrison Shelters were life savers. If your
house was hit by a bomb, then the shelter was strong enough to protect you inside. So
Gill remembers when the sirens sounded, her, Mum, and her baby brother, and sometimes Dad
as well, would get inside the shelter. We do have pictures in the Imperial War Museum
of homes that were hit in these bombing raids, and there’s rubble and complete destruction,
yet the Morrison Shelter is there, keeping the people safe inside. Often the emergency
services were encouraged to find out where people had their shelters in their home, so
if your house was hit, and it had collapsed, they would know roughly whereabouts to start
looking. So was it near the back of the house, or was
it in the front room of your house. So they were vital lifesavers and made people feel
very safe and secure. Not everyone had a garden, or a house with
a room large enough to put a shelter in. My friend Moya, who was ten years old when the
Second World War started, remembers going into the coal cellar with Grandma, and they
would sit with umbrellas up. So if you imagine, people didn’t have lots of electricity in
those days, you still had a coal fire. So your cellar would contain all the coal that
was delivered each week. So it was pretty dirty and dusty. And Moya remembers that the
umbrella above their head stopped all the coal dust shaking down on them and turning
them sooty while they were inside the coal cellar.
So her and Grandma, just imagine, sat underneath umbrellas, and she remembered that Grandma
would often tell her lots of stories to help pass the time and to reassure Moya that they
were going to be ok. Imagine how noisy and terrifying it would be down in a cellar, quite
a cold, damp space and you can hear the planes flying over your city. You can hear the bombs,
you can feel them landing, you can feel the shuddering. But inside your cellar, your Anderson
shelter, your communal shelter for the block of flats like the one where Kitty lived, at
least you knew that you were protected, and you were with your family, family members
as well, to help make you feel safe and reassured. You might also have taken some things into
the shelter with you to help with that reassurance. This is my copy of a big book called Grimm's
Fairy Tales. Now Moya was given this book by her mother. Moya didn't stay in London.
Remember we were thinking about the cities being quite unsafe and some children were
evacuated to safer parts of the country. Well Moya was evacuated, and mum bought her her
very own copy of Grimm's Fairy Tales, because inside here there are lots and lots of stories.
And Moya was a very avid reader, and so mum felt that by buying her this book would give
her lots and lots of reading material to help pass the time while she was an evacuee and
often when she was in a shelter, waiting for the danger to pass and the all clear to sound.
I wonder what you would take if you were Kitty or Moya or Graham or Brenda? Going into your
shelter, would you think about taking some food as Brenda's mum did with the pot of soup?
I think for me, I would make sure I had my teapot full of tea ready to take into the
shelter and maybe something to pass the time. Maybe some games, maybe jigsaw puzzles. Things
that could take a little bit of time to help pass the hours to make you feel reassured
and take your mind off what was going on. But remember shelters were quite small, quite
cramped, so you couldn't take lots of things and you couldn't take very big things. So
maybe my challenge to you is to think about three things that you consider vital resources
to take with you to make you feel safe and secure and reassured when it got really scary
or maybe to pass the time with. And who else would be in your shelter? Maybe you could
build your own den? You could make it the world's best den. A space that's for you that
feels safe and where you could learn to play chess or write postcards from your den to
another member of your family? Maybe you'd invite another member of your family to help
you create your den and to come and play Chess or read stories together inside your den.
Why not send us a picture at the Imperial War Museum of the den that you create? And
tell us about what you chose to take in there with you? That's my challenge to you. Also
if you've got any questions about Kitty or Moya or Brenda or Graham or any of the stories
that we tell at the Imperial War Museum get in touch and let u s know. You can use the
comments that will appear under this film and I'll try and answer some of those questions.
Because I've got lots of stories to share with you from lots of those people who remember
the challenging circumstances of the Second World War. So next week I think maybe we'll
talk about food and how carrots can be used to make cakes. That you very much for joining
me on board my boat today! Stay safe! See you next time!