Hello today we'll look at diabetes mellitus and the symptoms of it
we know that in diabetes mellitus we have a lot of sugar in the blood
we call it hyperglycemia glycemia meaning glucose in the blood hyper is a
lot of we have high level of glucose in the
blood and then this reaches the kidneys and the kidneys
as we know secretes stuff and absorbs stuff and
what stuff do we talk about today we're talking
about glucose so glucose comes in the blood
now the kidney absorbs glucose up to a certain threshold and this is
up to 180 mg/dl of glucose or one can say in another
measurement called mmol/L that would be up to
so or more than 10 millimole per liter is than the threshold so this
means everything above 180 milligram per deciliter or above 10 millimole per
liter is not absorbed up till then it's
absorbed and above that it is excreted because the
capacity of the kidneys cannot absorb more glucose
and now we have a patient let's say he has 200 milligram per deciliter of
sugar in his blood what happens we will absorb 180
and the rest 20 cannot be absorbed by kenneth because
the kidneys function is having a limit the 20 milligram
per deciliter of glucose will now be excreted through the kidneys
and then we call it what glucose urea we have glucose in the urine
we have 20 milligrams of obesity of glucose in the urine
what happens then if we have a lot of glucose in the urine
as we know the concentration of anything like blood or urine if that is
increased as we have in this case we have a lot of
sugar in the urine then what tends to happen is that water
comes and tries to dilute it because the body
hates when the concentration is too high in one side
and too low in the other side we have two sides here we have
one side being the urine and one side being the cell
the kidney cells for example so what happens is that
water will be moving into the urine so we have something called osmotic
derisis osmotic derisis osmosis is
something that is related to the concentration of
one side and the water moving always toward
the more concentrated side so and this logically what will happen is that the
patient will urinate a lot because we increase the water flow into
the urine which means that the patient feels that he needs to go
and urinate a lot and we call it polyurea poly means a lot
urea means urine so we have polyuria how did you come there once again we
have hyperglycemia high level of glucose in the blood the threshold of
the kidneys had up to 180 milligram per liter or up to
10 millimole liter we reached that and we we
was overproducing with 200 here the rest this 20 got into the urine we had a lot
of concentration of glucose in the urine now the water tries to dilute it so the
patient feels that now he needs to urinate a lot
so he has polyurea so we have we have some terminology here
hyperglycemia glucose urea glucose and urine then polyurea this was the
sequence what happens if you have polyurine now
you excrete a lot of fluid as we said a lot of water is going there now you
excrete glucose also but you excrete a lot of
fluid what happens is that you get dehydration dehydration
hypovolemia hypo means low vol means volume emia in the blood so you
have a low volume of blood now because you excreted
a lot of water as we know blood consists of water
mostly so if we excrete a lot of water in the
urine then the blood will drop in your body so your blood
pressure will also drop what happens now we have terminology
hyperglycemia once again glucosuria polyuria and poly due to polyurea we
then get dehydration hypovolemia
when we have a lot of then when we have lower level of
blood that will also lead then to the brain
saying please do something i have low amount of water in my body or blood in
my body please do something what do the brain do then he says please drink
something or eat something and now comes the two more terminologies
here polyphagia polydipsia
poly meaning a lot deepsea meaning thirst
a lot of thirst so drinking water or polyphagia
a lot of phagia meaning eating a lot of eating
and this is pretty much it this is the most common symptoms of diabetes
mellitus then above that we have also something
which is blurred vision we can have for example weight loss but
usually in diabetes two patients we usually have an obese
patient in type diabetes type one we have them usually a lean body weight
but we can see in some patients uh weight loss
and blurred vision because we know diabetes mellitus affects the retina in
the eye and you can get the blurred vision
so the symptoms was we had hyperglycemia when we have glucose urea so we have a
low high amount of glucose in the urine due to that
high amount we now have high concentration the water flows there
so we will now have poly polyurea so a lot of
urine that the patient excrete due to that we will have a low level of
blood so hypovolemia and due to that we need to drink a lot and eat a lot and
therefore we have polydipsia and polyphagia
so to remember the symptoms themselves just the names of it
because glucosuria is not the symptom hyperglycemia is not the symptom i just
explained the sequence the symptoms would be what polyuria meaning a lot of
urination polydipsia a lot of drinking and
polyphagia a lot of eating and then above that we have blurred
vision and weight loss in some cases so this is
this is the main symptoms that you need to remember and
there are of course many other symptoms that we can discuss
for example food ulcers for example paresthesias in the legs meaning that
the sensitivity of your skin is getting worse but these
are the late complications of diabetes mellitus and as we said
diabetes mellitus is a disease that is mostly asymptomatic meaning
there's no symptoms in type 2 diabetes usually we
don't have any symptoms in type 1 we usually have symptoms in
type 2 diabetes mellitus we're talking about obese patients who are a bit older
in type 1 usually they are younger and usually they have symptoms
so most of the patient that you will meet who has diabetes methods do not
have any symptoms in order to know that we have diabetes
mellitus we usually do a blood test and there
we see that the sugar level is high so it's just a coincidence
the doctor will see the lab results and then we go on and diagnose diabetes
mellitus based on some values of sugar in the
blood so hyperglycemia as we said but if you want to know the symptoms
which are very rare as we said nowadays because
as we know we want to prevent diabetes mellitus and therefore we usually test
patients very early on so usually we will find out if a patient have diabetes
medicine before he has any type of symptoms but the symptoms as we
said polyuria polytypsia polyphagia remember the peace three ps and the
sequence was polyuria then polydipsia and polyphagia and as we
know once again the sequence was
hyperglycemia high level of glucose in the blood
the kidney cannot absorb more than 180 milligram per deciliter or more than
a 10 millimole per liter therefore the rest will be excreted in the urine now
we have high concentration of glucose in the urine
therefore the water tries to dilute it so we don't have it
therefore we have dehydration so hypovolemia will lose a lot of water
meaning we will lose blood pressure we lose blood the brain will activate
and will tell us to please drink and please eat something that's it thank
you very much for listening have a nice day bye bye