- Early on, I thought,
I'm gonna write a book about the great adventure
of understanding gene editing.
You know, I've written about the physics revolution
that dominated the first half of the 20th century.
And then of course I was deeply immersed
in the digital revolution,
which was the second half of the 20th century.
But what happened in the past few years
is we've found easy to reprogram tools
that will allow us to edit our genes.
Man, that's going to be 10 times more impactful
than the digital revolution was.
So whenever you have a wonderful tale of adventure,
it's always good to have one central character
that helps bring the narrative along.
And for me, Jennifer Doudna was perfect for that.
When she was a young scientist and graduate student
in the 1990s,
all the men in science and biology,
they were all running after the soccer ball,
focusing on DNA and the human genome project.
But she became fascinated with RNA.
And it turns out that's a molecule
that actually does more work.
She was able to discover how RNA could replicate itself,
which gets to one of the big questions in life.
Which is, how did life begin on the planet?
Then she discovered how to take this tool
that bacteria use to fight viruses, called CRISPR,
and repurpose it by reprogramming the RNA
to edit our own human genes.
So all of these things come out of Jennifer's work
in understanding the structure of RNA.
CRISPR is a system that bacteria have been using
for a billion years.
And they learned a simple trick.
If a virus attacks them,
they take a mugshot,
and they wrap it into their own bacterial code.
If the virus ever attacks them again,
they got that mugshot, and they take a guide,
and take a pair of scissors known as an enzyme,
and they chop up the virus.
But what Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier
and others did, was figure out,
we can repurpose this
so that the guide doesn't just chop up
the viruses attacking bacteria,
we'll reprogram it so that it cuts our own DNA
wherever we tell it to.
And thus, it becomes a tool to edit our genes.
Right after Jennifer invented this technology,
she had a nightmare.
And it's somebody who wanted to learn
how to use the technology.
She walks into the room,
and in the nightmare, it's Hitler.
So she starts gathering scientists to answer your question,
which is, what are the perils we need to worry about?
Now, the perils to me, are that we go too fast down the road
and make inheritable edits in the human genome
in a way that affects our whole species.
And I think that's a ethical line we have to pause
and be very careful before we cross.
We know ways to use this in individual patients
for deeply important medical needs,
like sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's,
Tay-Sachs, muscular dystrophy.
I think we should focus on those,
and be careful about doing things
that would allow rich people to buy better genes
for their children.
Because if people could go to a genetic supermarket,
and say, what color eyes, what color hair, what height,
I think we would harm the human species.
You know, we think of these as futuristic technologies,
but we've already had CRISPR be used for a real person,
Victoria Gray.
They use CRISPR technology to take her stem cells,
edit them, reinsert them into her body,
so that she is now making healthy blood cells.
We're already using this to help the human species.
So all these things are about the unbelievable excitement
of the journey of science.
And that open inquiry,
that ability to approach things with an open mind,
we sometimes lose that.
We go into our ideological corners
and we have knee jerk reactions to things without saying,
"Show me the evidence."
So one of the things I wish people would think about,
is it's not just about science,
it's about the scientific method.
Which means you're open to changing your mind.
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