For the first time, University of Basel researchers have equipped an ultrathin semiconductor with
superconducting contacts.
These extremely thin materials with novel electronic and optical properties could pave
the way for previously unimagined applications.
Combined with superconductors, they are expected to give rise to new quantum phenomena and
find use in quantum technology.
Whether in smartphones, televisions or building technology, semiconductors play a central
role in electronics and therefore in our everyday lives.
In contrast to metals, it is possible to adjust their electrical conductivity by applying
a voltage and hence to switch the current flow on and off.
With a view to future applications in electronics and quantum technology, researchers are focusing
on the development of new components that consist of a single layer (monolayer) of a
semiconducting material.
Some naturally occurring materials with semiconducting properties feature monolayers of this kind,
stacked to form a three-dimensional crystal.
In the laboratory, researchers can separate these layers - which are no thicker than a
single molecule - and use them to build electronic components.
These ultrathin semiconductors promise to deliver unique characteristics that are otherwise
very difficult to control, such as the use of electric fields to influence the magnetic
moments of the electrons.
In addition, complex quantum mechanical phenomena take place in these semiconducting monolayers
that may have applications in quantum technology.
Scientists worldwide are investigating how these thin semiconductors can be stacked to
form new synthetic materials, known as van der Waals heterostructures.
However, until now, they have not succeeded in combining such a monolayer with superconducting
contacts in order to dig deeper into the properties and peculiarities of the new materials.
A team of physicists at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute and the Department of Physics of
the University of Basel, has now fitted a monolayer of the semiconductor molybdenum
disulfide with superconducting contacts for the first time.
The reason why this combination of semiconductor and superconductor is so interesting is that
the experts expect components of this kind to exhibit new properties and physical phenomena.
In a superconductor, the electrons arrange themselves into pairs, like partners in a
dance - with weird and wonderful consequences, such as the flow of the electrical current
without a resistance.
In the semiconductor molybdenum disulfide, on the other hand, the electrons perform a
completely different dance, a strange solo routine that also incorporates their magnetic
moments.
Now the researchers would like to find out which new and exotic dances the electrons
agree upon if they combine these materials.
The electrical measurements at the low temperatures required for superconductivity - just above
absolute zero (-273.15°C) - show clearly the effects caused by the superconductor;
for example, at certain energies, single electrons are no longer allowed.
Moreover, the researchers found indications of a strong coupling between the semiconductor
layer and the superconductor.
Strong coupling is a key element in the new and exciting physical phenomena that the researchers
expect to see in such van der Waals heterostructures, but were never able to demonstrate.
The fabrication of the new component in a type of sandwich made of different materials
requires a large number of different steps.
In each step, it is important to avoid contaminations, as they seriously impair the transport of
electrical charges.
To protect the semiconductor, the researchers pack a monolayer of molybdenum disulfide between
two thin layers of boron nitride, through which they have previously etched the contacts
vertically using electron-beam lithography and ion etching.
They then deposit a thin layer of molybdenum rhenium as a contact material - a material
that retains its superconducting properties even in the presence of strong magnetic fields.
Working under a protective nitrogen atmosphere in a glove box, the researchers stack the
boron nitride layer onto the molybdenum disulfide layer and combine the underside with a further
layer of boron nitride as well as a layer of graphene for electrical control.
The researchers then place this elaborate van der Waals heterostructure on top of a
silicon/silicon-dioxide wafer.