(soft piano music)
- [Dr. Zucker] Here we are looking
at a mid 18th century, hanging scroll painting,
that seems to me, at first glance, to be pretty garish.
- [Dr. Brennan] That's a great word for describing it.
It's bright and we've got a golden pheasant.
- [Dr. Zucker] Despite the fact that he's really red.
- [Dr. Brennan] He has a tuft of gold on his head,
and a wisp of gold feathers on his tail,
but the body itself is red and some touches
of blue on the wings.
This bird with his mouth open seems to be calling out.
- [Dr. Zucker] And regal, and probably very attractive
to the newly-wealthy merchant class of the 18th century.
- [Dr. Brennan] And this was in a city
called Yangzhou, a city that was bustling.
That was a seed of the salt administration
in the 18th century on the Grand Canal,
in the lower Yangzhou River.
So it was a very important area for trade.
- [Dr. Zucker] And by salt administration,
you're talking literally about the mineral salt,
and the way in which salt was distributed and taxed.
And it was a commodity that produced real wealth
in this area.
- [Dr. Brennan] This was the gatekeeper
for the Grand Canal route between Beijing and Hangzhou.
- [Dr. Zucker] So you have this city
with this wealthy merchant class,
and then you have artists that are producing works of art
that would be attractive for them.
- [Dr. Brennan] So when we talk about the Yangzhou School,
it doesn't mean they all came from Yangzhou,
Hua Yan, this artist in particular,
was from a place called Hangzhou.
He was originally from somewhere even farther,
Fujian province, and he was an itineraris.
He moved to these different areas seeking patronage.
- [Dr. Zucker] He was extremely skilled.
There is subtlety here and real understanding
of the extraordinary history of Chinese painting.
Look, for example, at the way in which elements
in the bird are found in the landscape around him.
There's the beautiful turn
of his long, elegant tail feathers,
and look at the bend of the bamboo
and the way that it's echoed.
Or look, for example,
at his talons and the way in which there's a small branch
just in front, that almost looks like a third foot.
Or the way in which the yellow tuft,
or the red tail feathers mimic the chrysanthemum
about halfway up the painting on the right.
- [Dr. Brennan] You can see the variation
in the brush strokes.
We've got meticulous strokes depicting this bird,
making it almost caricaturized, expression on its face
in contrast with the splashy treatment of the garden rock,
the bamboo, which is in all kinds of gradations,
black, gray and light strokes splashed across
the upper quadrant of the painting.
- [Dr. Zucker] So we have this enormous variety of skills,
and it's clear that this artist
had tremendous technical facility.
I'm especially in love with the very wet quality
of the ink towards the lower right.
- [Dr. Brennan] The expressiveness,
this flavor of spontaneity
was associated with literati in the past,
this idea of the expression of the brush,
the art of the line, and the fact that,
that had the capability of expressing one's emotions.
- [Dr. Zucker] But that is in such contrast
to the very fine rendering of the bird.
And perhaps one of the reasons
that the bird feels somewhat out of place,
You see the tension in this artist,
between needing to satisfy a specific market
and also wanting to show his skill and his sophistication.
- [Dr. Brennan] And we see that
even in his inscription,
this is somebody who has studied poetry,
has studied painting history, and really is capable
in all of these ways.
He's added in an inscription here, which is actually a poem.
And the poem itself reads, "Wind strokes roaming feathers,
relaxing its brocaded embroidery.
Bamboo turns at ease in the shadows,
braving the cold morning."
When we think about that poem,
we also see who he might have been painting for.
There's no named recipient.
We have a signature of the artist here,
but judging from the brushwork, the colors,
the composition, the poem.
This is something that might be attractive
for its literary refinement.
Something that's alluring to a patron
who might want something auspicious for his wall,
something that suggests his own literary refinement
- [Dr. Zucker] And the word for pheasant in Chinese
is very close to the word for auspicious.
- [Dr. Brennan] Yes.
- [Dr. Zucker] And so there is symbolic value here.
- [Dr. Brennan] The golden pheasant itself
is supposed to be a bird that is not enticed easily by food.
- [Dr. Zucker] Couldn't be bought.
And then the bamboo has references to the scholarly pursuit,
the chrysanthemum to the isolation of the artist
having drawn themselves away
from the everyday world to a world of refinement.
- [Dr. Brennan] Or the politician who has a humble abode
in the country.
And that's also what the garden symbolized,
this idea of getting away from it all.
And Yangzhou, lots of new gardens were being built
by all of these patrons.
- [Dr. Zucker] So I have a new respect and appreciation
for this pheasant, who is here, a symbol of the auspicious,
a symbol of this extraordinary Chinese tradition,
now in the modern world.
(lively piano music)