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in our previous video the surprisingly long and determined effort to create
a literal flying tank we looted our designers in the 1930s and 40s devoted a considerable amount of
time and effort trying to combine two of the 20th century's most revolutionary weapons of war the
tank and the aeroplane but as ill-conceived and ultimately futile as these projects were they were
far from the strangest attempts to create a hybrid military vehicle that dubious distinction instead
belongs to an improbable series of efforts to mash together the two unlikeliest vehicles the airplane
and the submarine it will come as no surprise to regular viewers of this channel the first nation
to tinker with such a vehicular abomination was of course the soviet union in 1937 while studying
at the ducinsky naval engineers academy in saint petersburg soviet engineer boris ushakov drafted a
technical proposal for a vehicle which could both operate in the air and underwater featuring thick
stubby wings resembling a manta ray and a pair of floats for takeoff on landing ushikov's flying
submarine would be powered by three 800 horsepower gasoline engines on the surface an electric motor
underwater giving it a maximum speed of 100 knots in the air and three not submerged once the craft
landed the transition from airplane to submarine would be accomplished by sealing off the engine
compartments with retractable metal plates and flooding empty spaces in the wings and floats
causing the aircraft to submerge the cockpit would also be flooded forcing the crew to retreat into a
waterside compartment complete with a corning tower and periscope from which the submarine
would be controlled the craft's armament was to be two 18-inch torpedoes mounted under the hull but
what possible use could any navy have for such an outlandish vehicle now as assert as it might seem
ishikov's concept actually filled a number of roles that aircraft and submarines at the time
just could not while fast agile unable to carry large weapons payloads aircraft of the 1930s were
far from stealthy a fact which became increasingly relevant with the wide scale adoption of radar
on the other hand submarines while stealthy were also extremely slow underwater and largely blind
relying on periscopes and hydrophones to track and home in on their targets aircraft and submarines
were also largely ill-suited to attacking enemy ships in harbor which were typically
defended by extensive anti-aircraft batteries and anti-submarine obstacles like booms and nets
throughout the 1930s and 1940s there were numerous attempts to solve these
tactical shortcomings such as the development by several nations of [ __ ] submarines capable of
infiltrating harbors and other protected spaces this approach was pioneered by the italian navy
whose elite decimal flottaglia mas unit of combat frogmen used specially designed human torpedoes
nicknamed miley or pigs to carry out a series of daring raids against allied shipping in alexandria
malta and gibraltar the miali were copied by the british who dubbed them chariots and
along with more conventional [ __ ] submarines known as x-craft used in several unsuccessful
attempts to sink german battleship to pits at anchorage in norway japanese type a kohateki's
[ __ ] submarines participated in the 1941 attack on pearl harbor and two 1942 attacks on sydney
harbor and diego suarez harbor in madagascar while various german [ __ ] submarines like the
naga seahunt and biber carried out attacks on allied shipping in the english channel in the
final years of the war however none of these vehicles proved as effective as their designers
had hoped for one thing they had a limited range requiring them to be carried close to their target
launched and then retrieved by a larger mother submarine they were also slow difficult to control
and despite their small size easily spotted and engaged by enemy defensive forces consequently
the vast majority of [ __ ] submarine operators ended in the death or capture of their cruise
another potential solution to the stealth versus speed conundrum was the submarine aircraft carrier
in the 1920s a number of submarines were built to carry a small reconnaissance float plane and
a special watertight hangar behind the conning tower once the submarine had surfaced the aircraft
would be removed from its hangar assembled and launched using a steam catapult built into the
deck upon completing its mission the aircraft would land alongside the submarine and be hoisted
aboard using a crane while both the french surcouf and british hms m2 cruiser submarines possessed
this capability the most famous submarine aircraft carriers ever built with a japanese i-400 class
the largest submarines ever fielded during world war ii when the largest ever built until the
1960s the i-400s were designed to carry and launch three aichi m6a siren floatplanes these were each
capable of carrying 900 kilograms of bombs the japanese navy planned to use these unusual weapons
to attack the panama canal san diego and elysia atoll but japan surrendered before any of these
plans could be carried out the three completed i-400s were captured by the americans examined
and scuttled to prevent the soviets from burning their technological secrets but
as impressive as they were the i-400 suffered from a fatal flaw [ __ ] and retreating aircraft
took up to 45 minutes and could only be done while these submarines were on the surface making them
highly vulnerable to detection and attack boris ushkov's flying submarine on the other hand
neatly solved this problem the craft could theoretically cover vast distances of ocean at
high speeds allowing it to track down and shadow an enemy fleet it could then land submerge and use
the cover of darkness to attack the fleet before stealthily slipping away the craft was also well
suited to infiltrating harbours able to fly over minefields anti-submarine nets and other defenses
before landing in the harbour basin submerging and attacking enemy shipping using torpedoes indeed
the soviet navy saw sufficient merit in ushikov's idea to submit his proposal to its scientific
research committee for evaluation but while the concept made it through two rounds of critical
evaluations and revisions it was ultimately rejected as too impractical and ushikov's
vehicular chimera never made it off the drawing board but the allure of the flying submarine
ever truly died and the following decades would see numerous attempts to resurrect the concept
in 1961 american inventor donald v reed of ocean township new jersey cobbled together various
discarded aircraft parts to create a working flying submarine which he rather unimaginatively
dubbed the reed flying submarine or rfs1 though far smaller than shkov's design at only 10 meters
in length reed's vehicle worked on exactly the same principle looking like something out of a
contemporary james bond movie in the air rfs1 was powered by a 65 horsepower engine and propeller
mounted on a tall pylon behind the cockpit when underwater it was powered by a one horsepower
electric motor diving being accomplished by flooding the crafts fuselage and twin pontoons
the transition from flying to diving however was a less than elegant process requiring the pilot to
remove the propeller and seal off the engine pod using a rubberized cloth cover the craft's open
cockpit also required the pilot to use scuba gear to breathe while submerged nonetheless on june 9
1964 rf was one made the world's first and thus only full cycle flying submarine flight
over the shrewsbury river flying at 10 meters altitude before submerging and achieving a
speed of two knots at a depth of two meters while the craft's immense weight limited it to
making short low altitude hops reed proved that a flying submarine was a workable proposition
inspiring dozens of future efforts to perfect the concept in the same year as reid's historic
flight the proceedings of the u.s naval institute published a study by naval hydrodynamics engineer
eugene handler examining the feasibility of a flying submarine as in boris uchikov's original
1937 concept such craft were envisioned for use against enemy shipping in harbor or
enclosed heavily defended waters like those of the baltic black or caspian seas as the navy article
states handler writes of a possible craft with an operating depth of 25 to 75 feet a submerged speed
of 5 to 10 knots for 4 to 10 hours airspeed of 150 to 225 knots for two or three hours and a payload
of 500 to 1500 pounds he says it is believed these characteristics can be attained within a vehicle
weighing 12 000 to 15 000 pounds a little flying sub might carry out its mission and take its crew
back it could handler says fly from a favorable location to its destination at minimum altitude
to avoid detection by radar at the completion of its underwater mission it could travel as a
submersible to a location best suited for takeoff become airborne and return to base the bureau of
naval weapons has recently awarded a contract to the convair and electric boat divisions of general
dynamics for analytical and design studies of the essential components and operational aspects of
such a vehicle in the same article handler also acknowledges the various technical and
bureaucratic obstacles which had long held back the development of a flying submarine stating that
the development of a practical flying submarine prototype will be both complex
and laborious but the potential returns are substantial and valuable consequently the concept
of such a vehicle merits careful engineering examination rather than the overly optimistic
accolade of a few imaginative enthusiasts and the simultaneous cold shoulder denial
of the hard-headed realist inevitably like every other flying submarine project handler's concept
also never made it off the drawing board however it may have directly inspired an iconic piece of
pop culture while developing the 1965 television series voyage the bottom of the sea producer erwin
allen hired researcher elizabeth manuel to compile an archive of existing underwater technology
on which to base the show's vehicles and props among the material emanuel uncovered in her
research was the us navy's flying submarine study which is thought to have inspired the
very similar stingray-shaped vehicle prominently featured in the show and which first introduced
the concept of the flying submarine to the general public one of the fundamental flaws
with the flying submarine concept is the need for a strong watertight compartment for the crew which
significantly increases the weight of the vehicle and makes it difficult to achieve flight if the
crew are eliminated altogether however then this particular engineering problem suddenly becomes
a whole lot simpler the first attempt to launch an unmanned aerial vehicle or uav from submarines was
made in 1946 when a u.s built version of the world war ii german v1 cruise missile called the jb2
loon was test launched from the deck of the uss cusk these experiments ultimately resulted in the
development of the smn-8 regulus the u.s navy's first submarine launched nuclear missile while
a significant leap forward the regulus was a fundamentally flawed weapon carried in special
watertight compartments built into the submarine's hull the regulus could only be extracted and
launched once the submarine had surfaced this made regulus-equipped submarines extremely
vulnerable to detection and attack just like the japanese i-400 submarines before them this problem
was eventually solved by the development of polaris and tried and ballistic missiles and the
tomahawk cruise missile which could be launched while the submarine remained safely submerged
in 1991 the strategic arms reduction treaty or start signed by the united states and the
soviet union left the u.s navy wondering what to do with half of its ballistic missile submarines
whose nuclear payloads had been outlawed by the treaty this resulted in a flurry of proposals for
alternative non-nuclear weapons to occupy this considerable underwater real estate among these
was project cormorant first proposed in 2003 by darpa the pentagon's advanced research projects
agency officially designated the multi-purpose unmanned aerial vehicle or mpuav the comrade was
a six meter long jet-powered drone designed to be launched from a submarine missile tube pushed out
of the launch tube by compressed air the comrade would rise to the surface before being launched
into the air by a pair of rocket boosters the wings would then unfold the jet engine inlet and
outlet would open and the vehicle would fly off on its reconnaissance mission covering a distance of
up to 800 kilometers upon completing its mission the command would return and parachute into the
sea whereupon the launching submarine would deploy a remotely operated vehicle or rov to attach
a cable to the drone allowing it to be winched back into its launch tube well hardly the exotic
convertible vehicle of boris ushikov and donald reed's imaginations the comrades nonetheless
solved the decades-long problem of combining the speed and maneuverability of an aircraft
with the stealth of a submarine unfortunately in 2008 the mpuav project fell victim to budget cuts
and like all of its predecessors the command was never built yatushkov's dream still lives on and
shortly after the cancellation of the project the naval surface weapons center in kedarock maryland
released yet another proposal for a true flying submarine six meters long with a 30 meter wingspan
the vehicle was designed to carry two crew and six special forces troops up to 1 200 kilometers
by air or 20 kilometers underwater while it is yet unknown whether the carderock flying submarine was
ever built and tested the fact that this absurd james bondesque vehicle continues to capture
the imagination of naval designers after nearly a century just goes to show that sometimes the truth
is stranger than fiction so i really hope you found today's video interesting if you did please
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