what's happening my friends welcome back we've got some natural lighting today before we get
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down the latest in stem every single day anyway let's get into this video three ways to destroy
the universe let's do it one day the universe will die but why and how and not sure we know that
all the universe be dead forever and how do we know that Navy's on top of maybe first of all the
universe is expanding and not only that the rate of its expansion is accelerating the reason why
dark energy dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe
until 1998 we thought that the Universe must be new here we just watched it we just watched first
kazak's Dark Energy videos work a bit like a book that you throw into the sky the ball moves up but
at some point it has to come down again but the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up
that's like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away faster and faster and faster where is this
acceleration coming from well we don't know but we call it dark energy Einstein thought of it first
and then decided it was stupid now astrophysicists have decided it is plausible trouble is this is
all very theoretical and we don't actually know what the properties of dark energy are
but there are various theories and they lead us to three scenarios for the end of the universe
1. the big rib since its birth the universe has been expanding for unknown reasons new
space is created everywhere equally the space between galaxies expands so they move apart
the space inside galaxies also expands but here Gravity is strong enough to keep them together
so this explanation of it might not actually be what's happening you should go watch that dark
energy one where we talk about it in the Big Rip scenario the expansion accelerates up to a point
where space expands so fast that gravity can't compensate for this effect anymore
the result is a big rib at first only large structures like galaxies are torn apart since
space between the single objects expands very fast next big bodies like black holes stars and
planets die their gravity isn't strong enough to keep them together so they dissolve into
their components in the end space would expand faster than the speed of light atoms would now be
affected and they would just disband once space is expanding faster than light no particle in
the universe can interact with any other particle anymore the universe would dissolve into countless
lonely particles that won't be able to touch anything else in a strange Timeless universe
and you thought you felt lonely so the individual galaxies would actually have
their like dark matter gas and eventually Stars ripped out of them from the outside in
so the outskirts of galaxies would basically be Stripped Away first right and then eventually
even the cause of these galaxies would be stripped down so yeah right in those final
moments basically you know protons neutrons will be ripped apart into quarks and gluons and
you know just moments before the the fabric of space and time itself is like demolished by dark
energy so with current data the very first step of this big rip would start happening at around
60 to 80 billion years uh from now you know at minimum but you know once that first step
occurs tearing apart like structures on scales of about approximately 20 million light years
everything else will happen pretty quickly we're talking only like hundreds of millions
of years before all the galaxies are torn like out of their home groups in Costas right
and then it's only like tens of millions of years until stars are then ripped out of their galaxies
uh and then next it's only a few months right until the outer planets are ripped away from their
parent stars and then weeks before those inner planets are then you know doomed as well and then
a few minutes for our planet to be destroyed and then fractions of a second uh for like molecules
and atoms the greater the amount of force and energy that's required to tear something apart
uh basically the less time there is remaining until the universe itself comes to an end
2. heat death or a big freeze in a nutshell the difference between the big rib and heat death is
that in a heat death scenario Mata stays intact and is converted over an incredibly long but
finite period of time into radiation while the universe expands forever but how does this work
let's talk about entropy every system tends towards the state of highest entropy like when we
have a latte macchiato initially it has different regions but over time they will cool down and
disintegrate until it's uniform and this also applies to the universe so while the universe gets
bigger and bigger Mata slowly decays and spreads out at some point after lots of generations of
stars all the gas clouds necessary to form Stars will be exhausted so the universe will turn dark
the remaining Suns will die black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions
of years due to what's known as Hawking radiation when this process is complete only
a dilute gas of photons and light particles remains until even this decays all activity
in the universe ceases at this point entropy is at its maximum and the universe is Dead Forever
unless theoretically it might be possible that after an incredibly long amount of time there
might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called Quantum tunneling
leading to a new Big Bang so the higher the entropy the less energy there is for useful
work in a system and so if you couple that with the second law of Thermodynamics which is you know
that systems tend to maximize entropy you come to a pretty interesting conclusion that eventually
the universe will be a pretty boring place and end with you know more of a whimper than a bang
and because of the relationship between space time the universe's expansion and the energy density of
everything in the universe this could cause you know I mean it will cause the expansion rate to
grow over time right and basically without any end inside and so at some point the expansion
rate can be as large as it was during the stage of cosmic inflation that preceded the Big Bang
right and as long as the energy in space itself then Decay is in the particle and anti-particles
we could trigger another hot big bang leading to like a rebirth Big Crunch and big bounce
this is the most uplifting scenario if there is less dark energy than we think or it decreases
over time gravity will be the dominating force in the universe one day in a few trillion years the
rate of expansion of the universe will slow down and stop after that it reverses galaxies will race
at each other merging as the universe becomes smaller and smaller since a smaller Universe
also means a hotter Universe temperatures rise everywhere all at once 100 000 years before the
Big Crunch background radiation would be hotter than the surfaces of most stars which means that
they would be cooked from the outside minutes before the Big Crunch happens atom cores are
ripped apart before super massive black holes devour everything finally all black holes would
merge into a super massive Mega black hole that contains the entire mass of the universe and in
the last moment before the Big Crunch it would Devour the universe including itself
the big bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times and that the Universe
goes through an infinite cycle of expansion and contraction well wouldn't that be nice
so what will actually happen to the universe in the end at the moment heat death seems the most
likely but we at kutzkazard hope that this Dead Forever stuff is Rome and the universe
will start over and over again we don't know for sure either way so let's just assume the
most uplifting theory is true well played so if you look at the equations governing the expansion
of the universe right you find something pretty interesting they don't actually give you a value
for the expansion rate they actually give you a value for the expansion rate squared now you
might not see the big difference initially right but if I told you that the expansion rate squared
was equal to four well you would just take the square root and tell me the expansion rate was 2.
and then I'd ask you if you were sure and then you would say to yourself is he trying to trick me but
the point isn't to tricky right the square root of 4 could be two but it could also be
-2 and so when we solve these equations for the expansion rate we could wind up you know with
an expanding universe but we could also wind up with a negatively expanding Universe which
corresponds to this you know Contracting universe or cyclic cosmology which was put forward by like
Roger Penrose and some others right the universe iterates through like infinite Cycles uh with the
future time like Infinity which is the latest end of any possible time scale evaluated for any point
right uh uh basically in space each previous iteration is identified with identified by The
Big Bang Singularity of the next so importantly supermassive black holes right are in a universe's
remote future which would each have swallowed uh its surrounding Galaxy cluster uh before you know
eventually evaporating entirely into Hawking radiation after perhaps like you know 10 to
the 106 years a very long time then by something he calls conformal squashing uh all of the rate
this radiated energy moves into the next like Eon the next Universe I guess as a single uh Hawking
point right and these photons you know scatter into an expanding region again right and don't
become free until about 380 000 years after the big bang the CMB and yeah the the cycle repeats
and he claims that this uh this this region of you know photons that have been scattered uh we might
actually be able to see this in the CMB and you know use that as some kind of evidence for this
conformal cyclic cosmology biggest predictive difference is that the Triple C pretty much
requires that an imprint of the universe before uh the Big Bang right would show itself in both
you know the universe's large-scale structure and in the CMV right inflation on the other hand
basically demands it anywhere where inflation ends in a hot big bang arises must be like
causally disconnected uh and cannot interact with uh any like prior or future you know such region
so basically our universe exists with properties that are independent of any other
and the observations right uh there's there's been plenty there's some recent
ones from Planck as far as we can tell there are no bruises on our universe you know no
repeating patterns no concentric circles of like a regular fluctuations no Hawking points okay
um you know when one analyzes the data properly it's pretty clear and overwhelmingly so that
inflation is consistent with the data and at the Triple C is pretty clearly not Universe really is
on track as far as we can tell uh you know to run out of ways to generate energy uh you know most
of the stars that ever will formed have already formed most of the energy that will be extracted
from matter in all its forms has already been extracted uh most of the structures that will
form have already finished forming most of the chances for life that the Universe could have
have already passed us by at least as you know Life as We Know It And so by like every measure
the universe's Glory Days seem to be over but look there's still a lot that's going to happen
and some really crazy stuff far into the future and this all hinges on our current understanding
which you can bet is probably not correct and so who knows what's going to happen don't take
it too seriously I mean take it seriously but at the same time don't be absolutely
convinced this is going to happen there are other possibilities my friends but that'll do
for now so I hope you enjoyed the video make sure you subscribe I'll catch you next time