Voiceover: We've spent plenty of time
learning about urbanization, population dynamics,
demographic transition, globalization
and social movements.
Now that we've had a nice detailed look into demographics
let's take a quick moment
to review all the topics.
To start off we have urbanization.
Urbanization is the movement of people
from rural areas like farms
to urban areas like cities.
From a functionalism perspective,
cities are both good and bad for our society.
They are centers of culture and diversity
but also of crime.
From a conflict theory perspective,
cities are sources of inequality
where the elite use resources from the poor
to enrich their own lives,
and the cultural diversity leads
to more conflict between different beliefs and values.
Symbolic interaction you see cities as hubs for culture
with strong norms and values.
People move to urban areas for a number of reasons.
Jobs, better utilities,
easier access to hospitals and schools.
As more and more people move to cities and metropolises
it really begins to affect the people who live there.
In order to make friends and form connections
people must seek out small communities to join.
For some people though
those small communities aren't enough.
They need to get away from the fast pace
and often stressful [havoc]
but still want something more
than what a rural environment would have to offer,
so they moved to the outskirts of the city.
This creates the suburbs
that extend from the urban areas.
Here, people can form communities with their neighbors
while maintaining their own individual oasis.
Then beyond suburbs are the exurbs
which are often very prosperous.
The drive into the city for work
can be rather tiresome though
so some suburbs create their own economic centers.
Some people rebuild areas of the city itself
in what is called urban renewal
which can lead to gentrification
where the former residents are forced out
because they can no longer afford the property.
Then there's rural rebound.
When some people desire
to get away from urban areas altogether
and choose to move back to rural areas.
All right, so the main gist of urbanization is
people moving to the city.
Next on the list is population dynamics
which looks at how population grows
or shrinks over time.
This includes fertility, migration and mortality rates.
We usually look at about a year's worth
of population change so we can catch trends
though you can of course
look at a population change over any period of time.
Fertility measures the rate at which
people are born in a population.
Burst increase the population.
Migration consists of two factors.
Immigration where people move into a country
to permanently make it their home
which adds to the total population
and emigration where people move out of the country
to make somewhere else their permanent home
which decreases the population.
Last is mortality which measures the rate
at which people are dying in a population.
In case you were wondering,
deaths decrease the population.
People migrate for a number of reasons.
Some people are seeking refuge,
others are seeking work,
others still just want to live in a different country.
When looking at the population of a country
it is interesting to look at the population pyramid
which divides up how many people
of different ages and genders there are.
Expansive pyramids means
there are lots of deaths and lots of births.
The population has a bunch of young people
and not so many old people.
A stationary pyramid usually means
birth rates and death rates are low.
You have lots of everybody.
A constrictive pyramid also means
low birth and death rates,
but there are fewer young people than old.
Usually you see this constrictive pyramid
in very developed countries.
If you want to see how the population
of a country changes also known as the growth rate,
you take the initial population
plus the number of births,
plus the number of immigrants,
minus the number of emigrants,
minus the number of deaths,
and you get the new population.
If this number is bigger than the initial population,
obviously, the population grew
so the growth rate is positive.
If this number is smaller than the initial population
the population has shrunk
and the growth rate is negative.
Right now most countries are growing
though a few like Bulgaria
and Czech Republic are shrinking.
This equation here wraps up population dynamics nicely.
Fertility and immigration increase a population.
Death and emigration decrease the population
and right now most populations
just keep getting bigger.
This leads nicely into the concept
of demographic transition.
Demographic transition is the model
of the changes in the country's population.
At some time in the not so distant future,
the high birth rates and high death rates of the past
will transition to low birth rates and low death rates.
There are five stages to demographic transition.
One, there are high birth rates and high death rates
with a stable population,
modeled by a high stationary population pyramid.
Two, death rates begin to decline
because of better sanitation and food supply
and the population of older people increases.
Modeled by an early expanding population pyramid.
Three, birth rates also begin to decline
because of access to contraception
and changing social values,
and the population stops growing quite as fast
which is modeled by a late expanding population pyramid.
Four, the birth rates and death rates balance out
so the population stabilizes,
but there are a lot of people
because the population has been growing
up until this point,
which is modeled by a low stationary pyramid.
Stage five is only speculative right now.
The population could remain stable
or increase or decrease
which would be modeled by
a constrictive population pyramid,
and it all depends on the external and internal pressures
of the individual society and the world.
Here is as simple as it gets.
Demographic transition models the changing population
of a country or the world.
Now that we're looking at the world
let's check out globalization.
Globalization is the sharing of ideas,
cultures, services and products
across national borders
due to the interdependence of different countries,
the progress of technology
and advancements to communication technology.
People migrating to different countries
or working in different countries
bring their native customs with them.
There are many theories of globalization.
World systems theory
states that the world is a single social unit
divided into three regions.
Core countries which are industrialized
and relatively independent of outside control.
Periphery countries which are greatly influenced
by coronations and transnational corporations,
and depend on one type of economic activity.
And semi-periphery countries
which are the middle ground between core and periphery
consisting of either declining core countries
or rising periphery countries.
Then you have modernization theory
which states that every country
follows a similar path in development
from traditional to modern,
and that today's third world countries
can reach the same state of development
of today's first world countries
with help over time.
Dependency theory which is a reaction
to modernization theory
states that the third world countries
have their own unique structures
and are poor and will remain so
because of their unfavorable economic position
in the world economy.
Other theories look at culture or social networking
or economy or politics or goods.
There are different perspectives of globalization as well.
Hyperglobalist believe that individual countries
will become less important
as countries become interdependent
and the global society takes presence.
Skeptics believe that countries are still very important
and rather than becoming globalized
the world is become regionalized,
which you can see exemplified
by transnational corporations.
Despite their role on the global economy
they are still tied to their home country.
Finally, transformationalist take a middle ground
and simply state that the importance
of national governments is changing,
as is the design of the world order.
Though they're unspecific
as to what it all is changing into.
I've used the term transnational corporations
a few times already
so, let's take a look at what that means.
Many corporations have grown to the point
that they are looking across national borders
for cheaper materials and labor.
Some of these transnational corporations
make more money in a year
than entire countries do.
Isn't that crazy?
All of these means
that countries are no longer solely self-dependent.
They look to other countries
for some of their necessities.
Sometimes the effects of globalization are bad
like the negative effects due to countries competing
to provide cheapest labor to transnational corporations,
but there are also benefits to globalization.
All these interdependence
causes foreign nations to become interconnected.
Today, globalization is facilitated by
the ease of communication and transportation
of ideas, money and people across the world.
It affects the cultures as well as the economies
of every country with foreign ties.
In short, globalization is the sharing of ideas,
products and cultures across national borders
that change those nation's economies and cultures.
Last but not the least,
we have social movements.
Activist social movements
seek to change something about society
while regressive or reactionary social movements
resist social change.
When we think of social movements
we can think of the environmental movement.
This is a good example.
A group of people with a shared idea
who have the resources and leadership
to organize members to achieve a shared goal.
Social movements either
encourage change in their society
or they resist change.
Either way they will have an impact on their society
and forever leave it altered.
In the early 20th century
social movements were seen as
negative calls for attention
by people seeking meaning in their lives.
This was during the time of nautism,
fascism and solonism
which harmed millions of lives.
Today though, social movements are observed
to be an instrumental part
of the evolution of a society.
According to relative deprivation theory,
people who perceive some sort of
deprivation or inequality
will band together to try and change that in society.
But according to resource mobilization theory
they must have the resources to fund the movement,
to publicize it, to recruit members,
to make an impact.
Rational choice theory
states that the patterns of behavior in society
depend on the choices of people
who weigh different actions
and choose the one that benefits them the most.
Social movements can cause widespread effects
by creating panics
where people are unreasonably fearful and act hastily
or crazist where something is incredible popular
for a short period of time.
In the end, social movements only have two options.
They either fail and fade away
or they succeed and become integrated
into this society becoming the new norm.
To wrap it up,
social movements are groups of people
with a shared idea, a strong leadership
and the resource to make an impact on society.
There we have it.
The bird's eye view of demographics.