These are the tallest skyscrapers ever constructed.
But while these structures may inspire awe, many of them have achieved their record-breaking
status by using one of architecture’s most controversial tricks - vanity height.
The term is officially defined as the difference between a skyscraper’s highest usable floor
and its pinnacle - and the global ranking of the world’s 10 tallest buildings would
undergo a pretty serious shake-up if it didn’t count.
The early 20th century saw many tall buildings include vanity height, partly as a result
of the art deco style popular at the time.
However, as architectural trends moved on, we saw the emergence of skyscrapers that did
away with vanity height in order to maximise floor space.
Controversy seemingly first erupted in 1998 when Chicago’s Willis Tower lost the title
of world’s tallest building to Kuala Lumpur’s Petronas Towers.
Despite their rooflines sitting some 63 metres lower than the Willis Tower, the Petronas
Towers’ decorative spires were included in their official height.
The owners of the Willis Tower argued that if minor additions like these slender pinnacles
can be included, then the substantial antenna on their structure should certainly be counted.
This led the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) to deliver a ruling
on what it considers part of a building’s overall height.
The ruling excluded anything that can be arbitrarily increased in height, such as communication
antenna, but allowed for the inclusion of decorative spires as long as they formed part
of the building’s original design and did not exceed 50% of the structure’s overall height.
Since then, the heights of several tall buildings have been called into question by professionals
and the public alike - with many architects and developers using pre-designed vanity height
to inflate their projects for prestige and to lay claim to various “tallest” titles around the world.
Nowhere is this more evident than in Dubai - a city which has spent the last 30 years
in the midst of an unprecedented construction boom and that is now home to some of the tallest
structures on Earth.
Striving to make its mark on the world stage, vanity height has become a prolific part of
the city’s development and Dubai now holds the title of world’s “vainest skyline”
- the city’s 19 tallest skyscrapers owe, on average, one-fifth of their overall heights to unusable space.
Indeed the world’s current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, officially stands 828 meters
tall - but 244 metres of that is made up of an unusable spire. Some 29% of the building
exists purely to increase its height.
The nearby Burj al Arab became the tallest hotel in the world when it first opened in
1999, claiming the title by way of a 124-metre spire that made up 39% of its height.
This trend and its ensuing controversy is by no means limited to emerging Asian and
Middle Eastern markets.
In the United States, One World Trade Center officially became the third tallest building
in the world when it competed in 2014 and has only fallen three places in the global
ranking since despite appearing dwarfed by several other, more recent skyscrapers.
Over on the west coast, Los Angeles’ US Bank Tower was overtaken by the Wilshire Grand
as the tallest building in the city in 2017, despite Wilshire’s roofline sitting 26 metres lower.
Australia’s tallest building - Q1 on the Gold Coast - has held the title since 2005,
despite skyscrapers in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane all rising far beyond Q1’s 235
metre highest usable floor.
Meanwhile, the Varso Tower will bring the title of Europe’s tallest skyscraper - outside
of Russia - to Warsaw in 2020, thanks to an 80-metre spire that has been included in the
building’s overall height.
More recently, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat has sought to ease tensions
by developing three separate rankings for tall buildings:
Height to Architectural Top,
Height to Highest Floor and Height to Tip.
Despite this, the debate about where to draw the line when we measure tall buildings rumbles on.
The controversy is set to heat up again in 2021 as the 644 metre Merdeka PNB 118 in Kuala
Lumpur becomes the world’s second-tallest building, bumping China’s Shanghai Tower
into third place.
So, where do you draw the line when measuring skyscrapers? Let us know in the comments below
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