the real charm and effectiveness of statistics lies in data visualization
painting pictures with numbers is what makes the district's unique and powerful
in the recent past data visualization has come to the forefront in fact now
books have been written about how to tell stories with data and it's just
that numbers are sometimes more easily communicated if they are part of some
some visuals I'm infographic and there's some establishment some publications
that excel in data visualization more so than others I have a personal list of
favorites that includes the New York Times The Economist and McKinsey Global
Institute that really really shine in excel in in presenting their data as
infographics so that you have a one look at the numbers and you know what's going
on this graphic here is reproduced from my book getting started with data
science in this one simple graphic I'm telling the story of who survived and
who perished among those who were onboard Titanic and here I'm
presenting the survival and death rates differentiated by gender that isn't for
males and females but at the same time I'm also differentiating by age I'm
keeping the numbers separate for children and those separate for adults
and then more importantly I'm showing how the survival rates differed by how
people travel if they were first-class elite passengers how many died how many
survive is our second in the second class and in the third class and lastly
if the survival rate differed for the crew so a quick look and you'll find
that the highest mortality was recorded for male adult employees almost all of
them 3/4 of them perished if you look at females you see more women crew members
survived than who died now if you compare male children traveling
in the third class you will see even children who are male in third class 3/4
of them died whereas no male children in second or first class died the same is
true for female and you would see even in the third class and the survival
rates for female children were slightly better so if you look at the this
picture you will realize that if you are indeed first-class passengers and you
are a female your odds of survival are much higher then if you were male if you
were a child in foster second class you are more likely to survive but being
even being a child in the third class your survival rate is it's not that
strong so let's have a look at what this picture tells us essentially if you are
a male your odds of survival are much lower than if you were a female again if
you were an adult your odds of survival were lower than if you were a child that
is children survived at a higher rate than adults so let us look at some
common data visualization techniques the most common way to display the
distribution of data how for instance salary is distributed between males and
females we use histograms and then you we also use bar charts to demonstrate
average incomes or whatnot so here we have education level University College
in school and then we have interest in politics measured on some scales you
could see that those who have university education demonstrate slightly higher
interest in politics this is essentially a bar chart and here you're looking at
time series data that is data at the any phenomena that you measure over time
in this particular case of construction of new housing which is housing
starts we're looking at housing starts but also we're looking at two different
times these one is the actual starts and the other one is the prediction from our
statistical model that we estimated and you can see that this is a line graph
line chart that that we can plot and we are plotting the actual data and the
or cast the data from one of the models we estimated match is another powerful
way of presenting data you're looking at a map generated by Paul Butler when he
was an intern at Facebook and Paul was an undergraduate student at the
University of Waterloo at that time and what he did is he took a very large data
set of billions of records to demonstrate how individuals were
Facebook friends over space you could see that Europe is very much connected
with with North America but what you also see is how the continent of Africa
is pretty much dark there's not much friendships that people have from the
rest of the world with the African continent so data could be presented as
charts as bar charts and histograms and as maps and more recently as animations