- [Maria Natera] Hello, Manageress.
Today, we're going to be doing lesson two and...
Oh, by the way, I'm wearing a mask to protect myself
and my model.
So we're going to be doing the lower limb today, okay?
Of the appendicular skeleton.
Lesson one, we did the upper limb.
Today, We're going to be doing the lower limbs.
So I'll be talking to you about the bones
of the lower extremity, which are the hip bone.
The hip bone is made up of three bones.
The ilium, the ischium, and the, and the pubis.
The ischium or ischium is the one that you sit on.
When you go to sit down,
you're gluteus maximus
moves out of the way so that you can sit on the ischium.
This are your pelvic...
You know, the pelvic girdle is both sets of bones.
Is that pelvic girdle.
You've got your,
your hip made up of the three here and the other hip made up
of the other three here.
And that makes up your pelvic girdle, okay?
So, right here,
I'm going to show you the leg and the hip bones.
So actually, I don't know if you can see that.
But here are the femur articulate with the ilium,
right here.
The acetabulum is where the femur
and the socket
of the femur and the ilium are, okay?
Of the pelvic girdle.
So the acetabulum or a set of acetabulum,
depending, like I said, "If we are talking to
and who's pronouncing it."
I pronounce it, you know, acetabulum.
And it's like, you're glenohumeral joint.
Your glenohumeral joint has more movement or bigger range
of motion and it's easier to dislocate than
the femur and the, you know,
the acetabulum holds this one a little bit more steady.
However, it sacrifices for not having such a big range
of motion.
So then your hip almost like I said,
"Three bones, ilium, ischium and pubis."
Then you have your femur,
which is the longest bone, is the longest bone
and the strongest and the hardest of you know, of your body.
You've got your greater trochanter that, you know,
that goes into the acetabulum.
Then you've got the lesser trochanter.
Actually, the, ah.
There, therefore bony attachments, you know.
I mean, I mean, sorry, muscle attachments.
You have all these landmarks for muscle attachments,
just like you had your deltoid tuberosity,
where the deltoid inserts.
You have gluteal tuberosity and the posterior part
of the femur.
You've got the lateral condyle and then the medial condyle
that articulates with the tibia right here.
And then you have your patella.
The patella...
Underneath the patella, you know,
that forms the knee joint.
And this is the most complex joint in your body, okay.
Where the patella is.
Patella is also a unique cap.
The patella tendon is made up
from the four quads cross and insert right here
at the tibial tuberosity.
So this is a femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
And I want to talk a little bit about the,
the patella.
Like I said,
"It's very complex."
It's got, you know,
the interior crucial ligament,
the posterior cruciate ligament.
And um,
what is the other one that everybody dislocates.
The meniscus.
The lateral and medial meniscus.
They articulate with a condyle.
You know, the condyles of the femur kinda looked like this,
you know?
And then the patella has two facets where it articulates
over the condyles to protect it.
Like when you kneel down or when you flex
and extend your leg.
Really does protect.
And it...
This is a sesamoid bone.
And a sesamoid bone means that it is suspended by tendons.
And you know,
it doesn't attach directly to another bone.
So you have your patella ligament that crosses from the
quads, crosses the patella and,
and inserts right at the tibial tuberosity.
Here, we have a tibial tuberosity.
And a lot of times when your vastus lateralis
is worked out more, then your vastus medialis
it starts pulling the knee laterally.
And this is why it's so important that when you work out
that you work your muscles evenly.
Because if this vastus lateralis is really strong
it'll start pooling on the patella this way.
So it really throws everything off.
The vastus medialis is the one that looks like a teardrop,
you know, right here.
And so the tibial bilateral and medial condyle articulates
with a lateral medial conduct of the tibia.
I mean of the...
Yeah, the tibia is your largest of the two.
The fibularis and the tibia.
This is your shin bone.
This is your kneecap by patella and this is your tibialis.
And it comes down and you're medial malleolus,
which is your, your ankle bone is from the tibia.
Your lateral malleolus...
This is the lateral malleolus
is from the fibula.
This bone doesn't hardly,
you know,
have any weight.
Doesn't hold you up.
It only holds up like 10% of the weight.
The one that really holds you up and bears all the weight
is the tibia.
This is your shinbone.
This is where you get shin splints,
right along here.
You've got your tibialis anterior muscle.
You've got your fibularis longus muscle.
You've got your soleus your gastrocnemius.
I mean, there's a lot of muscle.
We'll get into the muscles later.
I forgot to draw, I was in such a hurry.
I forgot to draw the interosseous membrane.
The markers were not working for us today.
Or they haven't been.
There, there're kinda dry.
And I opened up a new pack and it's the same thing.
So I don't know.
But the interosseous membrane is right between this bones.
And it also helps for attachments.
For muscle attachments.
The interosseous membrane it's like the one that you have
between the radius and the ulnar.
That helps a little bit,
you know, of movement.
And then, okay, let me switch here.
And now, you have your tarsals.
You know,
you have your cuneiform, the medial,
medial intermedius and lateral cuneiform navicular.
You've got to talus.
Talus is the biggest one.
And it articulates, you know, right...
Look at my hands they're all from the markers.
The talus is underneath here.
It is one of the largest one along with the calcaneus.
The calcaneus is your heel bone and the Achilles tendon.
You know,
the gastrocnemius attaches through the Achilles tendon
on the calcaneus bone.
And then you've got your cuneiform.
So you have seven, seven tarsals.
Remember where the T is for toes.
Carpals is for a car.
So carpals are in your hand,
tarsals with a T are in your toes.
Then you've got your, your five.
Starting by the big toe.
One, two, three, four, five metatarsal.
And then 14 phalanges.
This is the hallux.
The big toe is the hallux.
Pollex is your thumb.
Hallux is says your big toe.
It only has two phalanges.
All the rest of the four toes have three each.
The proximal, medial and distal phalanges.
Oh, and also I wanted to mention to you guys
and remind you guys that when we talk
about proximal and distal its only in the limbs.
It doesn't pertain to the body.
When you're talking about the middle of the body.
When you say proximal...
Okay, like this is the proximal part of the femur.
Cause it's proximal to the top of the body.
This is the distal part of the femur.
The distal part, articulates with a proximal part
of the tibia.
Cause this is proximal to the body.
This is the distal part of the tibia because it's further
from the midline, okay?
It's further from the, from the,
from the middle of the body.
So when you're talking about the limps,
that's when you use proximal and distal only.
This is this distal.
This is proximal.
This is distal.
This is proximal, okay?
And oh, you have 52 bones
in both of you feet.
You have 54 bones in both of your hands.
52 and 54 adds up to 106 bones just
in your hands and just in your feet.
So what's left is only a hundred bones
that you need to learn.
That's it.
You know, most of them are in your hands and feet.
And remember that the joints...
Not, not the time to smoke.
Joints is another word for articulations,
which join two bones together.
Joints join two bones together.
So if you know all of your bones,
you will know all of the joints.
Like the tibial fibular joint.
Tibial fibular joint.
Like the femoral...
Like a tibial fibular joint.
All of this joint, like the...
Did I mention that?
The sternoclavicular joint.
It's the only joint in the upper part of the body
that joins the axial skeleton with the appendicular.
Cause the sternum is part of the axial
and the clavicles part of the appendicular.
So the sternoclavicular joint is the one that joins the,
the axial appendicular.
And in the lower part, the SI joint right here.
The sacrum is a triangular bone.
And that's part of the axial skeleton.
So the SI joint is the only joint in the bottom part
of the body that joins the axial skeleton
with a appendicular skeleton.
And it's like, right here.
It joins the sacrum and the ilium.
So that's the only joint in the lower part that,
that connects the axial skeleton with appendicular.
So appendicular are the appendages, you know.
These are appendages, you know.
They're joined to the bodies.
So it's very important, you know,
for us to know the bones and to know the joints.
Because when we're working on people, you know.
If somebody comes in and they've had an x-ray
and they tell you,
"Oh, you know, my..."
I had a client this week that has a torn rotator cuff.
And she goes, "Well, they told me I have a torn
rotator cuff."
And then you sit there and say,
"Okay, which one of the four."
There's four,
four muscles to the rotator cuff.
So it's important for you to start learning.
You know, the bones and the bony landmarks.
So let's just review real quick.
The bones of the lower part
of the leg
are the three hip bones,
which are the ilium, ischium, pubis
and then the femur, the tibia, the fibula, the patella,
the tarsals, metatarsal, and phalanges.
And there, you have it.
Next lesson will be the axial skeleton.
So stay tuned for that.
And if you want to see the first lesson, that's the...
It was the upper, the upper part of the body.
And then after we'll start getting into the muscles
and hopefully I'll take each one by lesson.
And this is all part of the kinesiology chapter 21.
If your one of my students.
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Thanks.