what's going on my friends welcome back i hope you guys are ready to
jump into another curse because video an exciting one today we're going to watch wormhole stuff
so you know i'm not here to educate you guys i'm just trying to i guess make science a
little bit cooler pick people's interests and i don't want to just sit around talking about
this stuff all the time i want to actually create something so that's why i'm doing these two things
i'm creating a post quantum vpn that'll protect you from quantum computers the alpha's about to
come out very soon so if you want to get the free alpha go sign up in the description to be notified
when it comes and then i'm also doing this daily dance newsletter thing you know there's lots of
science going on around the world it's really hard to keep up with just how quickly we're advancing
all these different areas so this newsletter just breaks it down in a really quick format couple
minutes to read crazy humans are always coming up with crazy new experiments and ideas and there's
all these crazy results coming out every single day and it can feel really overwhelming to keep
up with it's not like when you go into a science news site where there's just so much
going on and then you haven't got any tech news you haven't got anything else this squishes it
all compresses it all down to really easy just to skim through see what's happening and how quickly
we're progressing your curiosity driven being like i am it's a pretty it's a pretty awesome
thing and it's completely free and i try to make them personal and fun and put all kinds of other
stuff in there so you should come get involved all righty wormholes explain breaking spacetime
if you saw a wormhole in reality it would appear round spherical a bit like a black hole
light from the other side passes through and gives you a window to a far away place
once crossed the other side comes for the interview with your old home now receding
into that shimmering spherical window what a cool visual but are wormholes real or are
they just magic disguised as physics and mass if they are real well physics is magic my friends
you heard that quote arthur c clarke any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable with magic and ain't it true how do they work and where can we find them
for most of human history we thought space was pretty simple a big flat stage where the
events of the universe unfold even if you take down the set of planets and stars there's still
something left that empty stage is space and it exists unchanging and eternal einstein's theory
of relativity changed that it says that space and time make up that stage together and they aren't
the same everywhere the things on the stage can affect the stage itself stretching and warping it
the old stage was like unmoving hardwood einstein's stage is more like a water bed
this kind of elastic space can be bent and maybe even torn and patched together which could make
wormholes possible let's see what that would look like in 2d our universe is like a big flat sheet
bent in just the right way wow sci-fi spots with a short bridge
even faster than the speed of light one really crazy thing about these wormholes that if you have
one of these things we don't know if they exist but like imagine you have one right and you're
able to manipulate the openings so you you know imagine one opening near the edge of a black hole
right where time passes slower the rate of time is slowed at the edge of that black hole then you
can transform this wormhole from being a tunnel from one place to another in the universe to being
a shortcut for one moment in time to another moment in time it's in principle
a time machine so isn't that incredible hypothetical ideas so we don't know if
they're real they come out of the equations we've never seen a wormhole if we had one we don't know
if we'd be able to go through it but the math kind of gives this to us as a real possibility
so where can we find a wormhole in the ground obviously general relativity says they might be
possible but that doesn't mean they have to exist general relativity is a mathematical theory it's
a set of equations that have many possible answers but not all maths describes reality
but they are theoretically possible and there are different kinds
the first kind of wormholes to be theorized were einstein rosenbridges
they describe every black hole as a sort of portal to an infinite parallel universe
let's try to picture them in 2d again empty space time is flat but curved by objects on it if we
compress that object space-time gets more curved around it eventually space-time becomes so just
remember you're imagining space-time here is like you know a flat sheet of fabric which just isn't
what it is and it's not a good analogy but you know what we physicists love the
lighty people and anyway warped but it has no choice but to collapse into a black hole
no what it is is where the curvature that flat sheet that you he showed you it basically curves
down an infinite amount because according to einstein's general relativity his equations
blow up at you know past event horizon where that singularity is and they go to infinity the density
all sorts of wacky things are volume and so that that curvature goes to infinity and so it also has
infinite gravity infinite mass so these things probably don't even exist you know like when when
you come across infinities in physics in nature you know it's kind of a sign of our equations are
probably fairly limited and we need a better theory um so we could i could talk about this
all day but maybe we should continue so just think of it like that so the curvature goes to infinity
it's like another universe in there because it's infinitely curved see a one-way barrier forms
you might ask what the hell is it curving into like where is that place we'll talk about this
later on in the video because it's it's kind of interesting it has to do with like
higher dimensional stuff event horizon which anything can enter but nothing can escape trapped
forever at the singularity unless you dark energy it's cool but maybe there is no singularity here
one possibility is that the other side of the event horizon looks a bit like our universe again
but mirrored upside down where time runs backwards it allows you to fall into the black hole in
the parallel universe with backwards time the mirror black hole is spewing things out a bit
like a big bang this is called a white hole the einstein rosen bridges can't actually be crossed
it takes an infinite amount of time to cross over to the opposite universe and they crimp
shut in the middle if you go into a black hole you won't become the stuff coming out of the
white hole so this is a problem with all the stuff he's talking about here because this is
all again completely theoretical so to say you can't do that would be you know naive you don't
we don't know what we don't know and some of the math there is math that shows you can so i you
know i do have a problem here but this is super speculative stuff essentially right just remember
we're doing this because it's fun okay don't get too upset you'll only become dead so to travel
the cosmos in the blink of an eye humans need a different kind of wormhole a traversable wormhole
very old string theory wormholes f string theory or you might have heard how a wormhole
uh an einstein rosenbridge uh might actually be equivalent to a pair of
entangled black holes if you want to hear more about that we want to talk about that
in this video go check out leonard suskin's uh work i'm sure he has some youtube videos uh
yeah one of its variations is the correct description of our universe
then we could be lucky and our universe might even have a tangled web of countless wormholes already
shortly after the big bang quantum fluctuations in the universe at the smallest scale you know string
theory is correct uh black holes aren't really black holes they're these things called fuzz balls
at least there might be also these things called fuzz balls where it's very different okay we'll
talk about this soon far far smaller than an atom may have created many many traversable wormholes
threaded through them are strings called cosmic strings in the first billionth of a trillionth
of a second after the big bang the ends of these tiny tiny wormholes were pulled light years apart
scattering them through the universe if wormholes were made in the early universe whether with
cosmic strings or some other way they could be all over just waiting to be discovered i love this
uh synth wave sound going on in the background it's it might be closer than we realize from the
outside black holes and wormholes can look very similar leading some physicists to suggest the
supermassive black holes in the center of galaxies are actually wormholes it will be very hard to go
all the way to the center of the milky way to find out though but that's okay there might be
an equally extremely hard way to get our hands on a wormhole we could try to make one what a visual
to be traversable and useful there are a few properties we want a wormhole to have
i got to tell you guys about these things called the orcs they could be
the most mysterious thing in astrophysics at least in recent years these odd radio circles which
could be wormholes a couple of russian physicists propose that these things might actually be
wormholes um they're really weird things we have no explanation for them just yet and they're huge
much bigger than galaxies first it must obviously connect two distant parts of space-time like your
bedroom and the bathroom or earth and jupiter second it should not contain any event horizons
which would block two-way travel it should be sufficiently sized
so that the gravitational forces don't kill human travelers the biggest problem we have
to solve is keeping our wormholes open no matter how we make wormholes gravity tries to close them
gravity gravity wants to pinch it closed and cut the bridge leaving only black holes at the ends
whether it's a traversable wormhole with both ends and hours or a wormhole to another
universe it will try to close unless we have something propping it open for very old string
theory wormholes that's the cosmic strings job for man-made wormholes we need a new ingredient exotic
matter this isn't anything like we find on earth or even antimatter it's something just to invent
something that doesn't exist for the sake of argument that's what we're doing new and different
you might be like huh you got a point but you know we did that a lot in math have you ever
heard of imaginary numbers with crazy properties like nothing that's ever been seen before exotic
matter is stuff that has negative mass positive mass like people and planets and everything else
in the universe is attractive because of gravity but negative mass would be repulsive it would push
you away this makes a kind of anti-gravity that props open our wormholes lots of famous physicists
in the late like 1980s began to ask the question would it be possible to prevent wormholes from
shrinking and collapsing uh by putting some sort of matter or fields inside them right and we
basically found out unsurprisingly that the only way to hold a wormhole open is to put something
inside the wormhole which repels gravitationally right so it pushes the walls of the wormhole apart
and holding an open and to repel gravitationally it has to be something made from negative energy
and the intriguing thing is we know how to make matter that has negative energy and
correspondingly negative mass because einstein tells us that mass and energy are equivalent
so we know how to make tiny tiny amounts of this stuff thanks to the laws of quantum physics
and uh this is done we can do this in the laboratory and so
then the question became do the is it possible that laws in nature do they allow you to make
and collect together enough negative mass negative energy uh inside a wormhole to hold it open that
has essentially been a major area of theoretical research uh for a long time but we don't have the
technology to do this experimentally but a major area of theoretical research basically asking
what all the laws of physics say about them right the key thing is that quantum physics is the set
of laws that govern whether or not basically if you can have material of some sort that
has negative mass of negative energy and these laws of quantum physics seem to be saying that
it's impossible to collect uh enough negative mass and negative energy to basically hold a wormhole
open but you know we don't know that for sure so that's sort of the story of where wormholes stand
the question of how they influence time really depends on the properties of the wormholes right
which depends on the details of the negative mass you put in there to hold the wormhole open
so we know that if you're going to be able to travel through the wormhole
then it may be able to slow time a lot but unlike a black hole it can't have a horizon
where time is flowing downwards when you reach the horizon because you'd never be able to travel back
up through that horizon wormhole by definition is something that you should be able to travel back
and forth through in either direction right um how much influence it has on time really depends
on details which depends on how it was built and how much negative energy or negative mass
you have when you build it and so we don't have a clear distinct answer in that case and
exotic matter must exert enormous pressure to push space-time open greater even than the pressure at
the centers of neutron stars with exotic matter we could weave space-time however we see fit
we may even have a candidate for this exotic matter the vacuum of space itself
quantum fluctuations in empty space are constantly creating pairs of particles
and anti-particles only for them to be annihilated an instant later
the virtual particles that don't actually exist just remember that
something else going on he's not being very honest kim of space is boiling with them and we
can already manipulate them to produce an effect similar to the negative mass we're looking for
we could use this to stabilize we'll talk about this in the very last video so come check it
out if you want to hear more about dark energy and what he's talking about right now wormholes
once we're keeping it open the ends would start together so we'd have to move them around to
interesting places we could start by wiring the solar system leaving one end of each wormhole
in orbit around the earth we could fling others into deep space the earth could be a wormhole hub
for a vast interstellar human civilization spread over light years but only a wormhole away
however wormholes have so many references have you noticed the wormholes are always around like
saturn and jupiter that is totally some sci-fi throwbacks and references to things like 2001
where that's where they had their like uh monoliths and stargate that bit where
he goes psychedelic experience and also uh interstellar but you know interstellar was
famously uh christopher nolan's like owed to 2001 which is his favorite film i remember him saying
yeah dark side back to the future you know what we haven't talked about time travel in
a while so maybe we should do a video soon breaks the universe in fundamental ways
potentially creating time travel paradoxes and violating the causal structure of the universe
many scientists think that this not only means they should be impossible to make but that it's
impossible for them to exist at all so for now we only know that wormholes exist in our hearts
and on paper in the form of equations we know you want to know more about universe stuff so we're
trying something new i want to make the video too long so if you want to hear more about wormholes
and all the higher dimensional stuff you'll find in a lot of my other videos but especially this
interstellar video where we explain the ending and how it involved higher dimensional stuff and
wormhole so you should definitely go check that out uh and yeah i'll catch you guys next time