Hello anatomy colleagues this is Dr Alsup and in this video we will be discussing the osteology or
the bony structures we need to know for the spine, hip, and thigh session. Now this first slide is a
review. We discussed each one of these structures towards the beginning of our curriculum but I'm
well aware that that was quite a while ago so it's time to review them here. The vertebral column
is composed of the vertebrae which is what we're going to focus on and then all the
associated joints so those inner vertebral discs and the joints between any of these processes here.
There are five levels or types of vertebrae.
The three superior most so these three are going to be mobile, whereas
the inferior most are fused or immobile so there will be no movement between these vertebrae.
There are 7 cervical vertebrae and these are going to be located in the neck region here,
and if I didn't count it out exactly but you know you were getting the idea
here so the cervical vertebrae are associated up in this region. The 12
thoracic vertebrae are going to be located in this region, and the thoracic
vertebrae are the ones that attach to the ribs. And then we have the 5 lumbar vertebrae,
yep I've counted it right and there's five here these are going to be the largest of the movable
vertebrae or of any of the vertebrae really your first sacral may be about the same size,
but also these are associated with the lower back. Then we get to the fused vertebrae, you can see the
sacral vertebrae here that are forming the sacrum, and then you have generally 4 fused coccygeal
bones that will form the coccyx, there can be some variability in the amount of bones associated with
the coccyx, and as you can see they become a bit more rudimentary that the more inferior you get.
So this is a lateral view of the articulated vertebrae and this affords a really
nice view of the intervertebral foramina which you can see basically throughout
this whole region here and I could keep drawing circles till my heart's content,
but you can also see this focused in over here on this image in the lumbar region
showing how the inner vertebral foramina are formed by superior and inferior notches of
neighboring vertebrae. And this is where spinal nerves and primary rami will
exit the vertebral column, you can see that close relationship here with an intervertebral disc.
Now moving to the coxal or hip bones and we are going to look at this lateral view of the
pelvic girdle here you can see the sacrum back here posteriorly, because this shows a really
nice view of the structures we're going to identify on this bone. I think the elephant
in the room, this thing that you can't miss here is this large prominent socket
that is going to be laterally placed it's called the acetabulum. And this is
the socket of the hip joint so this is going to receive the head of the femur.
If you think about the glenoid fossa of the scapula which is the socket of the shoulder
joint and how shallow that is in comparison to this structure here in terms of the acetabulum
so that fit between the head of the femur and the acetabulum is quite a bit tighter.
The greater sciatic notch is located right here, it's a greater sciatic notch, and
as its name might suggest this is a large notch and it's going to be between kind of
the acetabulum region and the sacrum the neighboring sacrum there. As its name would
suggest the sciatic nerve will traverse the greater sciatic notch as well as
a lot of other neurovascular structures we'll discuss in an upcoming video, but also the
piriformis muscle will exit the pelvis to head towards the greater trochanter. And during
life you know we're going to have ligaments in this general region which kind of closes this off
and makes this a greater sciatic foramen. One last structure I want to note is the ischial tuberosity
and this is located inferior to the acetabulum it's on the ischial portion of the coxal bone.
And it's a notable mounding of bone caused by the proximal attachment of the hamstring muscles.
Moving to the femur and much to talk about here. The femur is the bone of the thigh, the longest
bone of the body and once you've seen it a few times it's pretty hard to mistake with another
bone. We're also looking at a posterior view here and I'm going to talk about why I know
that so let me tell you why I know that. First off I can see this region right here called the lesser
trochanter and so this is going to be inferior medial to the greater trochanter
we'll talk about that a bit more in the in a moment. But the lesser trochanter is mainly
visible from a posterior view and this is the distal attachment side of the iliopsoas muscle
so that powerful flexor of the hip joint. Something else that is only visible from a posterior view
is this region right here called the linea, and I'm outlining it on either side, the linea
aspera. And this is a line of bone so kind of a mounding of bone
in the shape of a line running down the shaft or body of the femur and this is where most
adductor muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh will have their distal attachment.
Also I know this is a posterior view because I can see the femoral condyles here really well much
better than I can see it from an anterior view so all signs point to us looking at a posterior view.
Now let's fill in a few blanks regarding the other structures we need to locate. The head of the femur
is pretty distinctive it looks like an almost perfect ball and will always face medially, as it
articulates with the acetabulum of the hip joint. Just distal to the head is this pinched in area
right here referred to as the neck of the femur. And this is a relatively weak area of the femur
just look at the size of this in comparison to other portions of the femur so relatively weak and
may be susceptible to fracture, so understanding where the neck is located is important.
Opposite the head so more laterally placed is the greater trochanter.
The greater trochanter is greater and the fact that it's larger.
It's going to have more muscles attaching there so many many muscles actually attach here, three
of the more important ones are going to be the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus ,and the piriformis.
Can't forget the patella often just referred to as the kneecap or the knee bone. The patella is
the largest sesamoid bone of the body, meaning a sesamoid bone means that it forms within a tendon,
and the patella forms within the quadriceps femoris tendon.
You can see the rougher looking anterior surface here and a smoother looking posterior surface.
It's smoother because cartilage covered this area during life for the articulation between
the patella and the femur. And last but not least is the tibia. This is the medial
bone of the leg it's also the weight-bearing bone of the leg. And we have this here to discuss the
tibial tuberosity, and sometimes you can see it having it go down all the way about
there. Basically it's this mounding of bone on the anterior surface of the tibia just distal to where
to the articular condyles of the knee joint so that the knee joint is going to be formed right
here you go distal to that and you're at that tibial tuberosity. If you palpate just below
your own patella so blow your own kneecap you go a little bit distal to that or inferior to that you
will feel another bump and that is this tibial tuberosity. This is where the patellar ligament
or the continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon attaches so some large important muscles
are attaching here. Excellent thank you for your time and attention and please always feel free
to reach out to me or any of my anatomy colleagues with any questions. Have a great rest of your day