Let's say you're some type of a hunter gatherer
and you're trying to figure out how much of your time
to spend hunting and how much of your time to spend gathering.
So let's think about the different scenarios here
and the tradeoffs that they involve.
And just for simplicity we're going
to assume that when you're talking about hunting,
the only animal around you to hunt for
are these little rabbits.
And when we're talking about gathering,
the only thing you can gather are some type of berries.
That'll keep our conversation a little bit simpler.
So let's think about all of the scenarios.
So first, let's call this first scenario Scenario A.
And let's say-- so let's call this
the number of rabbits you can get
and then let's call this the number of berries.
Let's do this column as the number of berries
that you can get.
So if you were to spend your entire day going after rabbits,
all your free time out-- making sure
you have time to sleep, and get dressed,
and all those type of things.
Let's say that you can actually get five rabbits, on average,
in a given day.
But if you spend all your time getting rabbits
you're not going to have any time to get berries.
So you're going to be able to get 0 berries.
Now let's say that you were to allocate a little bit more
time to get berries and a little bit less time to get rabbits.
So we'll call that Scenario B. We'll
call scenario B the reality where you have enough time
to get 4 rabbits on average.
And when you do that, all of a sudden you're
able to get 100 berries.
And when we do these different scenarios,
we're assuming that everything else is equal.
You're not changing the amount of time
you have either hunting or gathering.
You're not changing the amount of sleep.
You're not changing your techniques for hunting rabbits,
or hunting berries, or you're not somehow
looking to do other things with your time.
So all other things are equal.
And the general term for this, and it sounds very fancy
if you were to say it in a conversation,
is ceteris paribus.
Which literally means-- so any time someone says, oh ceteris
parabus, we assume this variable changes
or whatever else-- they're saying
we're assuming everything else is being held equal.
So ceteris means all other things.
You're probably familiar with et cetera.
It's the same word, essentially.
Other things in paribus, other things equal.
So when you're going from Scenario A
to Scenario B you're not changing the amount of time
you're sleeping.
You're not changing somehow the geography
where you are in a dramatic way.
You're not changing the tools you use or the technology.
Everything else is equal.
The only variable you're changing
is how much time you allocate to finding
rabbits versus finding berries.
So let's do some more scenarios assuming ceteris paribus.
So let me do Scenario C. You could, on average, have
enough time to get 3 rabbits.
But if you get 3 rabbits then all of a sudden
you will to get-- or if you're only getting 3 rabbits,
you're now able to get 180 berries.
And let's do a couple more.
I'm going to do two more scenarios.
So let's say Scenario D, if you reduce the amount of time
you spend getting rabbits so you get 2 rabbits,
now all of a sudden you have enough time on average
to get 240 berries.
And then, let's say you spend even less time hunting
for rabbits, on average.
Then you have even more time for berries.
And so you're able to get to 180 berries
and I'll do one more scenario here.
So let's say Scenario F-- and let's call these the scenarios.
Scenarios A through F. So Scenario F
is you spend all your time looking for berries.
In which case, on average, you're
going to be able to get 300 berries a day.
But since you have no time for rabbits
you aren't going to get any rabbits.
So what I want to do is plot these.
And on one axis I'll have the number of rabbits.
And on the other axis I'll have the number of berries.
So let me do it right over here.
So this axis, I will call this my rabbit axis, rabbits.
And we'll start.
That will be 0.
And then this will be 1, 2, 3, 4,
and then that will be 5 rabbits.
And then in this axis I will do the berries.
So this right over here, let's make this 100 berries.
This is 200 berries.
And then this is 300 berries.
And so this is my berries axis.
Now let's plot these points, these different scenarios.
So first we have Scenario A. Maybe
I should've done all these colors in that Scenario A
color.
Scenario A, 5 rabbits, 0 berries.
We are right over there.
That is Scenario A.
Scenario B, 4 rabbits, 100 berries.
That's right over there.
That's 100 berries.
So that is Scenario B.
Scenario C, 3 rabbits, 180 berries.
3 rabbits, 180.
Let's see this would be 150.
180 will be like right over there.
So 3, if you have time for 3 rabbits
you have time for about 180 berries on average.
So this is Scenario C. And then Scenario D we have in white.
If you have time for 2 rabbits, you have time for 240 berries.
So that is right around there.
So this is Scenario D.
Actually, a little bit lower.
So this would be 250, so 240 is a little bit lower than that.
So it'll be right over there.
That is Scenario D.
Scenario E, if you have time for 1 rabbit,
you have time for 280 berries.
So that gets us right about there.
That is Scenario E.
And then finally Scenario F. You are
spending all of your time looking for berries.
You have no time for rabbits.
So all of your time for berries, no time for rabbits.
0 rabbits, 300 berries.
That's right over there.
So this is Scenario F.
So what all of these points represent,
these are all points-- now this is going to be a fancy word,
but it's a very simple idea.
These are all points on you, as a hunter gatherer,
on your production possibilities frontier.
Because if we draw a line-- I just
arbitrarily picked these scenarios.
Although I guess you could on average get 4 and 1/2 rabbits
on average, on average get 3 and 1/2 rabbits,
and then you'd have a different number of berries.
So these are all points on the different combinations
between the trade offs of rabbits and berries.
So let me connect all of these.
Let me connect them in a color that I haven't used it.
So let me connect them.
And do you see-- this should just be one curve.
So I'll do it as a dotted line.
It's easier for me to draw a dotted curve
than a straight curve.
So this right over here, this curve right over here,
represents all the possible possibilities
of combinations of rabbits and berries.
I've only picked certain of them,
but you could have a scenario right over here.
Maybe we could call that Scenario G, where
on average the amount of time you've allocated,
on average you would get 4 and 1/2 rabbits.
So some days you would get 4 rabbits and every other day
you would get 5 rabbits, so maybe it
averages out to 4 and 1/2 rabbits.
And then maybe it looks like you would
get about 50 berries in that situation.
So all of these are possibilities.
You don't have to just jump from 4 rabbits to 5 rabbits.
Or maybe in this scenario you're spending 7 hours
and in this scenario you spend 8 hours.
But you could spend 7 hours and a minute,
or 7 hours and a second.
So anything in between is possible
and all of those possibilities are on this curve.
So these five scenarios, actually these six scenarios
that we've talked about so far these
are just scenarios on this curve.
And that curve we call, once again-- fancy term,
simple idea-- our production possibilities frontier.
Because it shows all of the different possibilities
we can do, we can get.
3 rabbits, and 180 berries.
2 rabbits and 240 berries.
What we cannot do is something that's beyond this.
So for example, we can't get a scenario like this.
So this right over here would be impossible
Let me scroll over to the right a little bit.
Let me scroll, see my scrolling thing.
OK, so this right over here is impossible,
this point right over here where I'm
getting 5 rabbits and 200 berries.
If I'm getting five rabbits, I'm spending all my time
on rabbits.
I have no time for berries.
Or another way to think about it, if I'm getting 200 berries
I don't have enough time to get 5 rabbits.
So this point is impossible.
This point would be impossible.
Any point that's on this side of the curve is impossible.
Now any point that's on this side of the curve,
you can kind of view it as inside the curve,
or below the curve, or to the left of the curve-- all
of these points right over here are possible.
All of these points right over here
are-- these points, for example, it is very easy for me
to get 1 rabbit and 200 berries.
So that right over there is possible.
Now, is that optimal?
No, because if I were to really work properly,
I could get many more berries.
Or I could get more rabbits.
If I have 200 berries, I could get more rabbits.
Or if I'm concerned, if I only want one rabbit,
I can get more berries.
So this is possible.
All of the points down here are possible.
But they aren't optimal.
They are not efficient.
So the points in here, we'll say that they are not efficient.
Maybe somehow I'm not using my resources optimally
to do this type of thing, when I'm over here.
Or maybe I'm just not being optimally focused,
or whatever it might be.
If you're talking about a factory setting,
when you're talking about maybe deciding
to make one thing or another, then maybe
you just aren't using the resources in an optimal way.
Now all the points on the frontier-- these are efficient.
You're doing the most you can do.
Right now we're not making any judgment
between whether any of these possibilities
are better than any other possibility.
All we are saying is that you are
doing the most that you can do.
Any of these things, you are making
the most use of your time.