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legend has it that on the 20th of june 1941 a team of soviet archaeologists opened the tomb
of a mighty central asian ruler whose ruthlessness and skill in battle was
second only to genghis khan his tomb bore the inscription when i rise from the dead
the world shall tremble when the archaeologists located the coffin they read an even more ominous
threat whoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than i two days later
hitler launched operation barbarossa against the ussr the largest land invasion in history
the legend goes that when the fearsome warlord was again sealed in his tomb the soviets won at
stalingrad this archaeological expedition actually took place but i wouldn't bet on the accuracy of
any other details but this story captures the fierce reputation of today's protagonist amir
tamur the lane also known as tamerlane abandoned a mercenary of mongol origin he rose through the
ranks becoming the most powerful ruler in the 14th century islamic world eventually he conquered an
empire stretching from delhi to the mediterranean in the words of historian beatrice forbes manns
timur could boast a stature bigger than life and a charisma bordering on the supernatural
before we get into the birth and rise of today's protagonist let me give you
a little bit of context after the death of genghis khan the mongol empire was split between four of
his descendants his second son chagatai inherited a vast territory in central asia which became
known as the chaga hired carnate this policy included most of modern day's bekistad kazakhstan
parts of mongolia and china's jinyang province the carnate's economy was based on thematic
herding and was less outwardly aggressive than its northern neighbor the golden horde this wasn't out
of the kindness of their hearts but because of constant internal strife and division eventually
the chag had eyed carnate fragmented into several entities the largest being the powerful
moghelestan in the east and the less formidable trans-soxiana in the west in this divided land
a boy was born in 1336 a.d his birthplace was kesh modern-day sharbs arbs in uzbekistan
his father was called tarakai a minor nobleman of the nomadic barlis tribe these were a sunni muslim
turkisized mongol group once allied to chagatai a birth he was called timur meaning iron a name
which carried an omen of strength tenacity and conquest timur and family never had a place to
call home following nomadic habits they roamed the steps south of the capital samacans looking for
the best pastures for their livestock the young timur soon grew tired of looking after grazing
animals his parents were not clan leaders but the barlow society allowed upward mobility for tough
youngsters who were handy with a composite bow especially if shot from horseback timur
displayed a clear talent for violence in action a talent which he put to fruition by stealing
horses and sheep from neighboring clans soon he added banditry to cattle rustling on his cv and
built a following of like-minded young warriors at the age of 21 in 1357 timur trained his gang
into a mercenary outfit and entered the service of tug luck tamar the khan of nearby kashgar shortly
afterwards the ruler of transaxiana amir khasgan died tuglaque took the opportunity to invade and
in 1361 he conquered samakand the young timur must have played an important role in the conquest as
he was appointed chief advisor to turlock's son elias koha from shepard to bandit to minister
aged only 25. not bad but also not enough timur was not happy to play second fiddler to elias
koya so he forged an alliance with the ruler of balker modern-day afghanistan the emir or prince
hussein the friendship was consolidated when timur married hussein's sister the two bros kicked off a
rebellion against two gluck and ilyas which did not go as planned the two fled to the region of
kharasan southwestern afghanistan where timur resumed his mercenary activities
in 1363 during a skirmish with enemy horsemen an arrow pierced his right hand and knocked him off
his horse as a result he lost his little and ring fingers and suffered a permanent injury
to his right leg from then on he developed a lifelong limp he also acquired the nickname
that would make him immortal timur ilenko timur the lame better known in the west as tamerlane
at this stage one may define timur as an exiled upstart with a prominent physical disability this
may have been a clear disadvantage especially in territories spawned from the mongol empire which
valued physical prowess and nobility of blood only descendants from genghis and their relatives
could aspire to the title of khan but tamar's ambitions knew no boundaries in 1364 he spotted
an opportunity to continue his climb tugle could died and it was time to settle scores with his son
ilyas timur and amir hasan attacked transoxiana conquering the entire region by 1366. as it
happened before timur was the power in the shadows while hussein had assumed titular power
as khan establishing a new capital in balka but the relationship between the two brothers-in-law
started to sour the khan had grown arrogant imposing a despotic rule and amassing the wealth
of his subjects according to some sources he may have even kidnapped one of timo's sisters to join
his harem as a big no-no of course if you fancy your best friend's sister it's probably better
to marry her but more realistically the last draw was when hussein refused to pay his soldiers wages
in the spring of 1370 tamu started to plot building alliances with other military leaders
soon he commanded a formidable army and went on the attack hussein's forces were beaten time
and again until timur besieged baloch hussein's loyalists fought desperately trying two sorties
which inflicted heavy casualties on their enemies but timur pressed on and a defeated hussein
sought refuge in the mosque of balak offering all of his riches in exchange for his life
according to contemporary sources tamur shed some tears at the sight of his old friend begging for
mercy but his allies bathed for revenge and killed the khan in cold blood it seems then that timur's
tears dried up very quickly as he collected an imposing war booty and married four of hussein's
widows one of them was saray descendant of genghis khan with this new found legitimacy tamar restored
the capital and samacand and declared himself sovereign of the chaghadai incarnate restorer
of the mongol empire still he styled himself as amir rather than khan honoring the central
asian traditions but titles meant little to the pragmatic leader he knew that true power rested
on the saddles and bows of his unstoppable army and he was ready to build an empire
for the following 10 years timur fought endless campaigns conquering areas corresponding
to today's southern kazakhstan western uzbekistan and the xinjiang province in china
even joined the golden horde in their fight against the russians occupied moscow and then
he took on the lithuanians at poltava ukraine many of these campaigns may have been dictated by the
opportunity to pillage some sizeable loot but timur was a capable long-term strategist his end
goal was to consolidate power along the silk road the wealthiest commercial route linking europe
to the far east by controlling it he would ensure a consistent income to fund his expeditions
he appeared to achieve victory without much effort but of course the military prowess of his armies
did not happen by chance timur's horses were a composite bunch with soldiers joining from every
corner of central and east asia but the corps the elite came from the steps of transoxyana
these men made up an army some 140 000 strong disciplined and staunchly loyal timur's almost
supernatural charisma ensured they would follow him everywhere they fought mainly on horseback
and their weapon of choice was the composite bow which they mastered from an early age
by their early teens each nomadic horseman was able to shoot an arrow every five seconds
hitting targets at 60 meters distant these highly mobile units were complemented by well-trained
infantry specialized in siege warfare when meeting an enemy in a pitched battle timur eschewed the
traditional formation which included a center wings and a reserve instead he split his army
into seven divisions three at the front three in support and a reserve to the rear this allowed him
to throw in fresh horses and riders when needed wearing out the enemy defensive lines furthermore
amir realized the limitations of his army he knew they were good at conquering and less so
at holding territories therefore he concentrated occupation forces in rich agricultural lands and
was happy to let go of the less profitable steps one such land full of riches was persia which
the conqueror targeted in 1383. the ruling ilknid dynasty was extinct and too many competitors vied
to fill the power vacuum taking advantage of this civil stripe tamur invaded from the north
capturing herat its inhabitants suffered horrific treatment which was to serve as an example for
other cities tibor's army plundered all treasurers leveled ancient landmarks and slaughtered many of
the defenders rumors of such ruthlessness spread across the country and several cities like tehran
surrendered without a fight others like ishvahan fought back only to regret it
later timur ordered a massacre of ishifan citizens and their skulls were piled up in morbid towers
several meters high by 1385 all of eastern persia had fallen the land was depleted of its riches as
well as of its most talented inhabitants the emir deported artists architects intellectuals and
artisans to samacans where they would contribute to the building of an imperial capital in tamir's
vision the city was to be the beating heart of the islamic world as well as the cultural hub of
central asia samakand was to become a tangible testament to timur's ambition to be recognized
both as the defender of islam and the restorer of genghis khan's greatness and the track record of
the lame prince was indeed worthy of his role model between 1386 and 1394 he was unstoppable
southern iran iraq mesopotamia and the caucasus all bent the knee timmer's campaign to control
azerbaijan was conducted alongside takatamesh khan of the golden horde the two allies though
soon dissented over who should control the silk road as we know by now timur was not above
turning against old friends and a new war was on initially dr thomas had the upper hand invading
trans-oxiana and even besieging samacand however he was repulsed and timur chased him back into
the russian steps in 1391 the golden horde was defeated on the konderche river but they returned
with vengeance four years later the two armies clashed again in april of 1395
over the terrick river northern caucasus this time many of tokitamish's generals defected to the
other side and timur's victory was decisive during this campaign the unstoppable conqueror raised the
ground the cities of sarai azov and astrakhan as his attention was diverted persia revolted against
the emir but the revenge was swift and utterly brutal more towers of skulls obscured the sun
in september of 1398 timur set his sights on india in his view the sultan of delhi mahmoud tuglach
was too tolerant of his hindu subjects he amassed an army of 90 000 men and crossed
the indus river attacking delhi on december 17th mack would put up a strong defense by deploying
dozens of war elephants covered in chain mail and topped by wooden towers but timur had a plan he
had the battlefield covered with spiked iron cow troops which wounded and diverted the attacking
beasts then he unleashed a charge of riderless camels each carrying a load of blazing hay the
terrified elephants stampeded their own troops sowing confusion and panic the wondrous city of
delhi soon became another wasteland of ruins the following year timur looked to the west
to settle accounts with the ottoman empire and the mamluk sultanate of egypt guilty of having
seized mongol lands in anatolia modern-day turkey the confrontation began with some serious trash
talk tomorrow to the ultimate sultan baazeed thy obedience to the qur'an in waging war against the
infidels is the sole consideration that prevents us from destroying thy country bezid replied
what are the arrows of the flying tartar against the scimitars and battle axes of my firm
and invincible janissaries well i guess we'll see won't we the timmerid steamroller galloped
westward storming aleppo damascus and baghdad in 1401 20 000 of its citizens were slaughtered
after setting camp for the winter timur reached anatolia in the early summer of 1402. he first
laid siege the town of sivis promising not to shed a drop of blood if the inhabitants surrendered
and they did three thousand of them then were buried alive so technically demur kept his promise
the next challenge was buyers its main army of 85 000 men the two forces squared off at ankara
on the 28th of july timur had managed to turn many ottoman vassals to his side outnumbering his foe
almost two to one but baazid knew how to fight a defensive battle he deployed his infantry along
a stream on hilly terrain thus protected the infantry could raise a shield wall
shielding the cavalry units from temur's attacks seeing the futility of the initial charges tamur
decided to wear out the opponents with a stratagem he had a creek diverted denying ottoman horses and
their riders from access to water the demoralized horsemen were ultimately scattered by a charge
of war elephants which tamora had imported from delhi the elite janissaries now without mounted
support were easy pickings for tomorrow's heavy cavalry attacking their flanks but
bayazid inspired his surrounded men to fight on until nightfall he then attempted to break out
at the encirclement but was captured by his enemy the sultan was brought back to samacant where he
suffered a humiliating captivity at the hands of timur who allegedly used him as a footstool
the ottomans had thus lost not only their leader but 40 000 of their finest soldiers the power
vacuum in the ottoman empire resulted in a civil war to the delight of western european powers
always weary of the ottoman thread the kings of england france and castile sent messages
to timur congratulating him on his victory the castilians even sent an ambassador to samacand
roy gonzalez de clavio claudio gave a vivid account of tamur's court and exotic grandiosity
he was especially impressed by the amir's 15 palaces many of which could be disassembled
and moved when necessary he also described how the supposed defender of the islamic faith was
a heavy drinker who organized lavish feasts every night when one guest showed up late to one of his
parties punished him by piercing his nose like a pig after clavio departed in november 1404
the ageing tomorrow prepared for what would be his last expedition this time on the receiving end
would be ming china the mir had had a bone to pick with the ming since 1395 when their emperor had
sent a message describing himself as lord of the realms of the face of the earth and treating timur
as a subordinate he retaliated by detaining the emperor's envoys when more messengers came looking
for them he also had them put in jail timur's plan was to get rid of the arrogant emperor and
replace him with the wan dynasty descendants of kublai khan the usual careful planner this time
committed a huge mistake good sense would dictate initiating military campaigns in the spring to
take advantage of the good weather and plentiful pastures for the war horses but timur set off in
december 1404 at the head of 200 000 troops his astrologers had seen good omens in the stars but
the weather begged to disagree frosty climber made the trek increasingly difficult for the army
whilst crossing the seer daya river uzbekistan the once undefeated leader fell ill possibly as
a consequence of the cold the scourge of central asia probably had wished for a glorious death in
battle but in february of 1405 age 69 timur died of natural causes during his decades
of military successes the prince had failed to create a functioning government structure
power was almost always centered around him with no trusted lieutenant to take his place
and inspire the troops the expedition melted away the two hundred thousand soldiers marched back to
samakant timur's body embalmed in oils and laid an ivory coffin was buried in a splendid mausoleum
six centuries later the legacy of timur ylang is controversial to say the least
driven by ambition and skill a disabled cattle rustler and mercenary had defeated
some of the most powerful nations in asia in the middle east assembling
a large empire his actions in anatolia weakened the ottomans long enough for the byzantine empire
to survive 50 more years and his defeat of the golden horde allowed for the expansion of russia
lithuania and poland but while in power he focused mainly on destruction and conquest some estimates
place his death toll at 17 million about five percent of the global population at the time
his inattention to political matters eventually left his empire at the mercy of foreign invaders
as his line of succession was not clear his last surviving son and his grandsons fought each other
for dominance losing the western half of the empire nonetheless his timaru dynasty survived
for yet another century while samacand flourished as a center for the arts literature and science a
later descendant babur took control of kabul and later delhi founding mughal dynasty and
i'll leave the last word to you wisdom a great ruler whose actions and influence had a huge
impact on the geopolitics of eurasia or maybe you agree with military historian david nicole
who argued timur might have been a great soldier but in purely historical terms he could be seen
as the greatest bandit of all times so i really hope you found this video interesting if you did
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