Solar panels have amazing promise, but serious limitations.
They’re expensive to produce, and it’s in the name--you need sun to power them.
What if there were a way to make solar panels cheaper AND functional even in places with
limited sun?
And what if I told you the key to this is...bacteria?
I know!
Color me surprised--and also green, twice, because this whole discovery makes use of
photosynthesis AND E.coli.
Ew.
But first, let’s talk about how solar energy traditionally works.
A solar panel is made up of subunits, called photovoltaic (or PV) cells.
For a PV cell to work, it has to generate an electric current, so each end of the cell
is made up either negatively or positively charged material, usually silicon mixed with
either phosphorus or boron This creates a pre-existing electric field,
and when this field gets exposed to photons--aka sunlight--it knocks some electrons loose from
the silicon.
We talked about this in a video here, silicon is a semiconductor that’s used in all kinds
of electronic applications.
Other components of the solar cell then organize those free-floating electrons into an electric
current that can either be stored or used.
But now, new work from a team at the University of British Columbia came at this system from
a totally different angle: solar cells powered by E. coli!
They’ve genetically engineered bacteria to produce large amounts of a pigment called
lycopene.
This is a light-harvesting dye that gives tomatoes their red-orange color, and is ‘photoactive’--
meaning that, in its native state inside a plant, it’s extremely effective at converting
light into energy.
In this case, the lycopene is what’s being excited by light to release an electron, instead
of a synthetic material like silicon.
But the bacteria aren’t a semiconducting material.
For the energy the E. coli have absorbed to be transferable, the team coated the bacteria
in titanium dioxide nanoparticles, or TiO2.
Ta-da, these light-absorbing, mineral-coated bacterial cells are now semiconducting.
They’re then attached to a glass surface doped with oppositely-charged materials, and
between the lycopene, nanoparticles, and doped glass, you’ve got yourself an electric current
induced by light!
This is a huge leap in bio-hybrid PV technology.
Other technologies have used light-harvesting bio-based dyes in solar cells, but extracted
the dye from the bacteria, which is expensive and difficult.
This new method is cheaper and easier because it keeps the pigment inside the bacterial
cells, and it uses a new technique to coat the bacteria in the nanoparticles.
Not only that, but this new experiment also yielded almost twice the electric output of
previous bio-based PV experiments.
This gives a whole new meaning to the term green energy, and if you need me, I’ll be
cackling to myself about it for the next 15 years.
Ok let’s address this: I thought E. coli causes disease, right?
It’s actually a super common bacteria we use in research all the time.
There are many strains, most of which can be found in the intestines of humans and other
animals, and only some of them or dangerous--most are really useful and we couldn’t live without
them in our systems!
We use E. coli in the lab because it’s easy and inexpensive to grow, and we can hack its
genome to get it to produce the protein--or in this case, pigment--that we want.
These new bacteria-powered, or ‘biogenic’ solar cells are looking promising, not only
because we’re making gains in how much electric current they produce, but also because these
PV cells, unlike synthetic ones made out of materials like silicon, can produce just as
much energy output in dim light as in bright light, because the lycopene is so effective
at harvesting energy from the sun.
Still, there are a few details that need to be straightened out before these ‘live’
solar cells are ready for market.
For one, the bacteria die during this process, so we’ve got to figure out a way to keep
the poor little guys alive, reproducing, and producing lycopene through the lifetime of
the solar cell so you don’t have to always go in and replace the bacteria.
Plus, this prototype currently produces about 25 times less power than a traditional solar
cell, so the design of the device needs to be significantly improved before it’s a
feasible option.
Regardless, this is an exciting way to reimagine solar panels that work in areas that don’t
get a lot of sun.
Plant power + bacteria power=my favorite combo in the WHOLE world.
To learn more about the insane power of bacteria, check out my previous video on how they may
be controlling your mind.
Subscribe to Seeker to keep up with all the energy technologies of the future and speaking
of bacteria--E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced!
I’m Maren, thanks for watching.