Welcome back.
Welcome back. Welcome back.
I'll now do another conservation of energy
problem, and this time I'll add another twist. So far,
everything we've been doing, energy was conserved by the
law of conservation.
But that's because all of the forces that were acting in
these systems were conservative forces.
And now I'll introduce you to a problem that has a little
bit of friction, and we'll see that some of that energy gets
lost to friction.
And we can think about it a little bit.
Well where does that energy go?
And I'm getting this problem from the University of
Oregon's zebu.uoregon.edu.
And they seem to have some nice physics problems, so I'll
use theirs.
And I just want to make sure they get credit.
So let's see.
They say a 90 kilogram bike and rider.
So the bike and rider combined are 90 kilograms. So let's
just say the mass is 90 kilograms. Start at rest from
the top of a 500 meter long hill.
OK, so I think they mean that the hill is
something like this.
So if this is the hill, that the hypotenuse here is 500
hundred meters long.
So the length of that, this is 500 meters.
A 500 meter long hill with a 5 degree incline.
So this is 5 degrees.
And we can kind of just view it like a wedge, like we've
done in other problems. There you go.
That's pretty straight.
OK.
Assuming an average friction force of 60 newtons.
OK, so they're not telling us the coefficient of friction
and then we have to figure out the normal
force and all of that.
They're just telling us, what is the drag of friction?
Or how much is actually friction acting against this
rider's motion?
We could think a little bit about where that friction is
coming from.
So the force of friction is equal to 60 newtons And of
course, this is going to be going against his motion or
her motion.
And the question asks us, find the speed of the biker at the
bottom of the hill.
So the biker starts up here, stationary.
That's the biker.
My very artful rendition of the biker.
And we need to figure out the velocity at the bottom.
This to some degree is a potential energy problem.
It's definitely a conservation of mechanical energy problem.
So let's figure out what the energy of the system is when
the rider starts off.
So the rider starts off at the top of this hill.
So definitely some potential energy.
And is stationary, so there's no kinetic energy.
So all of the energy is potential, and what is the
potential energy?
Well potential energy is equal to mass times the acceleration
of gravity times height, right?
Well that's equal to, if the mass is 90, the acceleration
of gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared.
And then what's the height?
Well here we're going to have to break out a little
trigonometry.
We need to figure out this side of this triangle, if you
consider this whole thing a triangle.
Let's see.
We want to figure out the opposite.
We know the hypotenuse and we know this angle here.
So the sine of this angle is equal to opposite over
hypotenuse.
So, SOH.
Sine is opposite over hypotenuse.
So we know that the height-- so let me do a little work
here-- we know that sine of 5 degrees is equal to
the height over 500.
Or that the height is equal to 500 sine of 5 degrees.
And I calculated the sine of 5 degrees ahead of time.
Let me make sure I still have it.
That's cause I didn't have my calculator with me today.
But you could do this on your own.
So this is equal to 500, and the sine of
5 degrees is 0.087.
So when you multiply these out, what do I get?
I'm using the calculator on Google actually.
500 times sine.
You get 43.6.
So this is equal to 43.6.
So the height of the hill is 43.6 meters.
So going back to the potential energy, we have the mass times
the acceleration of gravity times the height.
Times 43.6.
And this is equal to, and then I can use just my regular
calculator since I don't have to figure out
trig functions anymore.
So 90-- so you can see the whole thing-- times 9.8 times
43.6 is equal to, let's see, roughly 38,455.
So this is equal to 38,455 joules or newton meters.
And that's a lot of potential energy.
So what happens?
At the bottom of the hill-- sorry, I have to readjust my
chair-- at the bottom of the hill, all of this gets
converted to, or maybe I should
pose that as a question.
Does all of it get converted to kinetic energy?
Almost. We have a force of friction here.
And friction, you can kind of view friction as something
that eats up mechanical energy.
These are also called nonconservative forces because
when you have these forces at play, all of the
force is not conserved.
So a way to think about it is, is that the energy, let's just
call it total energy.
So let's say total energy initial, well let me just
write initial energy is equal to the energy wasted in
friction-- I should have written just letters-- from
friction plus final energy.
So we know what the initial energy is in this system.
That's the potential energy of this bicyclist and this
roughly 38 and 1/2 kilojoules or 38,500 joules, roughly.
And now let's figure out the energy wasted from friction,
and the energy wasted from friction is the negative work
that friction does.
And what does negative work mean?
Well the bicyclist is moving 500 meters in this direction.
So distance is 500 meters.
But friction isn't acting along the same
direction as distance.
The whole time, friction is acting against the distance.
So when the force is going in the opposite direction as the
distance, your work is negative.
So another way of thinking of this problem is energy initial
is equal to, or you could say the energy initial plus the
negative work of friction, right?
If we say that this is a negative quantity, then this
is equal to the final energy.
And here, I took the friction and put it on the other side
because I said this is going to be a negative quantity in
the system.
And so you should always just make sure that if you have
friction in the system, just as a reality check, that your
final energy is less than your initial energy.
Our initial energy is, let's just say 38.5 kilojoules.
What is the negative work that friction is doing?
Well it's 500 meters.
And the entire 500 meters, it's always pushing back on
the rider with a force of 60 newtons.
So force times distance.
So it's minus 60 newtons, cause it's going in the
opposite direction of the motion, times 500.
And this is going to equal the ending, oh, no.
This is going to equal the final energy, right?
And what is this?
60 times 500, that's 3,000.
No, 30,000, right.
So let's subtract 30,000 from 38,500.
So let's see.
Minus 30.
I didn't have to do that.
I could have done that in my head.
So that gives us 8,455 joules is equal to the final energy.
And what is all the final energy?
Well by this time, the rider's gotten back to, I guess we
could call the sea level.
So all of the energy is now going to be
kinetic energy, right?
What's the formula for kinetic energy?
It's 1/2 mv squared.
And we know what m is.
The mass of the rider is 90.
So we have this is 90.
So if we divide both sides.
So the 1/2 times 90.
That's 45.
So 8,455 divided by 45.
So we get v squared is equal to 187.9.
And let's take the square root of that and we get the
velocity, 13.7.
So if we take the square root of both sides of this, so the
final velocity is 13.7.
I know you can't read that.
13.7 meters per second.
And this was a slightly more interesting problem because
here we had the energy wasn't completely conserved.
Some of the energy, you could say, was eaten by friction.
And actually that energy just didn't
disappear into a vacuum.
It was actually generated into heat.
And it makes sense.
If you slid down a slide of sandpaper, your pants would
feel very warm by the time you got to the bottom of that.
But the friction of this, they weren't specific on where the
friction came from, but it could have come from the
gearing within the bike.
It could have come from the wind.
Maybe the bike actually skidded a little
bit on the way down.
I don't know.
But hopefully you found that a little bit interesting.
And now you can not only work with conservation of
mechanical energy, but you can work problems where there's a
little bit of friction involved as well.
Anyway, I'll see you in the next video.