"The Risks of Shark Cartilage Supplements"
An assessment of websites on complementary and alternative medicine
for cancer found that many endorse unproven therapies
and some that are outright dangerous,
potentially exploiting highly vulnerable patients
and enriching irresponsible snake oil peddlers,
or for that matter, shark cartilage peddlers,
accounting for millions of dollars of sales every year.
Why shark cartilage of all things?
Interest in shark cartilage as an anticancer agent arose
because many people believe that sharks did not get cancer.
Why would they think such a thing?
Because some shark cartilage supplement hawker wrote a book called,
"Sharks Don't Get Cancer."
But that's simply not true.
Sharks do get cancer.
Both benign and cancerous lesions have been reported in 21 species of sharks
more than 9 families.
For example, this oral tumor spilling out of the mouth of a great white.
Now some shark cartilage distributors insist instead that sharks just rarely get cancer,
but actual cancer rates in sharks have never been determined.
There's simply been no systematic tumor surveys of sharks
for them to make such a claim.
But look, even if sharks were less susceptible to cancer,
how can one logically jump from that to cancer patients benefiting
from eating powdered cartilage from a shark?
We know, for example, that there are certain proteins that allow
some bacteria to survive in like boiling hot springs.
Uh, does that mean if we eat those bacteria we can survive boiling water, too?
It doesn't make any sense.
The illogic behind the pursuit of shark cartilage therapies has implications
beyond the reduction of shark populations
and the misdirection of patients to ineffective cancer therapies.
The stuff may be harmful, and I'm not just talking about
the rare case of shark cartilage-induced liver inflammation.
Shark products can contain the neurotoxin BMAA, which I've talked about before.
It's been detected at elevated levels
in the brains of Alzheimer's disease and ALS patients,
and may play a role in the development of neurodegenerative disease.
So like the consumption of shark fin soup or
something may pose a significant health risk,
but what about shark cartilage supplements?
They tested sixteen commercial shark cartilage supplements, right off the shelves,
and found BMAA in fifteen out of sixteen.
But look, even if shark cartilage supplements carry pro-inflammatory properties,
which could pose a potential health risk for consumers, we're talking about cancer.
There are chemotherapy agents that are life-threateningly dangerous,
but sometimes the benefits can outweigh the risks when confronted with cancer.
So the question then becomes: are there any benefits to shark cartilage?
I mean, it's not a completely whacky idea.
Cartilage, in general, is highly resistant to invasion by tumor cells,
so maybe there's some cartilage- derived anti-invasion factor?
Less interesting alternative explanations are that it's just hard for the cancer
to penetrate the cartilage, or perhaps because of the poor blood supply
in cartilage, cancer doesn't consider it particularly fertile ground.
But maybe that lack of blood vessels in cartilage can be exploited.
The reason that no blood vessels end up in cartilage is because
cartilage cells produce angiogenesis inhibitors,
blood vessel creation inhibitors.
And so maybe we can starve tumor growth by infusing these cartilage factors.
What scientists do is implant tumors into the eyeballs of rabbits,
so they can visualize how many blood vessels the tumor is able to draw to itself.
And indeed, shark cartilage contains inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis.
Such findings made the sales of shark cartilage skyrocket,
driving two shark species to the brink of extinction.
But cow cartilage does the same thing.
Here, they used bovine cartilage.
And so does human cartilage, for that matter.
So why sell shark cartilage?
Well, it does sound so much more exotic,
and sharks have like 10 times more cartilage per animal.
One 20-foot shark could net like 50 pounds of cartilage.
Just because cartilage has blood vessel inhibiting chemicals in it, though,
doesn't mean if cancer patients eat it, it will help them.
It's kind of like magical thinking: shark cartilage stops blood vessel growth,
thus, by consuming shark cartilage, humans will somehow be protected.
I mean, the shark cartilage protein molecules would seem to be
too large to be absorbed by the gut.
It's not like you're injecting shark cartilage into your bloodstream through an IV.
But there was this rat study that did find that
just feeding shark cartilage to the animals,
you could cut down on blood vessel growth within their bodies.
OK, but does that translate out to stopping the growth and spread of cancer?
Apparently not, as none of the shark cartilage doses tested
had any retarding effect on cancer growth or spread in tumor-bearing mice,
but just because it doesn't work in rodents doesn't mean it doesn't work in humans.
To find that out you need to put it to the test,
evaluating shark cartilage in human cancer patients, which we'll cover next.