Alex Clark: Let's talk about shortages. In 2021,
we've seen news of how a lack of chips can actually hurt industries.
Newscaster 1: A global shortage of computer chips.
Newscaster 2: Continues hampering the auto industry and creating vehicle shortages.
Clark: What began with temporary manufacturing disruptions at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
has led to a series of supply breakdowns across multiple industries in 2021. Specifically,
demand is now high for a variety of goods that use chips, and this gap in supply and demand
has become known as the global chip shortage. Before we dive into the causes of the shortage,
what even is a chip? Also called an integrated circuit, IC, or computer chip, a modern chip
is a network of electronic circuits printed on and embedded in a flat piece of silicon.
Silicon is a semiconductor, meaning it can carry an electrical current between
highly conductive elements like metals and less conductive materials like ceramics.
Burkacky: There is not "the" chip, there's different types of chips.
Clark: Ondrej Burkacky is an engineer and senior partner at McKinsey.
He's an expert on chip manufacturing and analyzes global market trends.
Ondrej Burkacky: What it typically starts with is silicon, which is
made out of crystals. And on top of that, you basically introduce the structures that
make out of the silicon a particular chip, be it a logic chip that does calculations,
chips that do memory operations, convert voltages, images for cameras.
Clark: That's a lot of different types of chips, but they're made in a similar way.
Think of it like thin layers placed on top of each other in a highly precise manner.
Just imagine cutting and stacking thin sheets of paper at a scale of mere billionths of a meter.
Burkacky: Your scissors basically need to cut in a nanometer range.
And the next piece of paper you'll put on top of that,
again, in a nanometer range, you have to position it exactly correctly above the one before.
Clark: We've seen the chip shortage hit many industries from consumer electronics to cars
to computer parts. In a nutshell, demand for products with chips has risen since the start
of the pandemic, and chip manufacturers have been struggling to meet this demand.
The result, customers that can't get the products they want either have to wait or
pay more. These buyers have waited hours for a chance to buy a computer component called a GPU.
They're harder to get because of the shortage.
Speaker 1: My sons wanted to play Fortnite, and it sells out as soon as it comes out,
but I'm just waiting to see if it's there.
Speaker 2: Early mornings and late nights. That's the sacrifices that most people here is willing
to make. That should tell you everything you need to know about the shortages.
Clark: GPUs, or graphics processing units, are computer components that render visuals.
they are great for gaming and solving complex computations.
They also incorporate sophisticated chips to perform these tasks. You would think increased
demand would lead manufacturers to start up more factories. Well, it's not that easy either. The
factories where chips are manufactured can take years and billions of dollars to build.
Burkacky: It's not about the construction cost that much, that is typically less than 20%,
but the semiconductor tools that you need to manufacture these chips,
these are the ones that account for 80%-plus of the cost. You could build
a much smaller factory, surely, but it would not be financially viable.
Clark: Further complicating things, a single company, TSMC,
makes roughly a quarter of the world's chips and manufacturers from two Asian countries,
South Korea and Taiwan make the majority of chips,
but disruptions in one region or with just one manufacturer can impact thousands of products.
Burkacky: It is a real global industry. Nobody did think a lot about, for example, having
something based in the US to produce only for the US. And then the pandemic came,
we needed another laptop. We needed another camera and microphone.
The demand for semiconductors actually almost doubled within one year.
Clark: So there was a shift in what we buy increasing demand for some products,
but beyond just chips, we're seeing shipping and supply chain issues in everything from lumber
to metals like steel and aluminum, and shipping internationally now takes longer and has become
more expensive since 2020. And this intensified after a massive blockage in the Suez Canal in
March was followed by many other port backups. As of October 2021, there were more than 100
shipping containers off the California coast just waiting in line to be offloaded, and in the US
there's a shortage of truck drivers at the moment, further aggravating the problem at the ports. So
is there an end in sight? Fortunately, we're already seeing some improvements.
Burkacky: What you can do in the short-term is just try to really,
really optimize your operations to just get more output.
Clark: Other solutions are prioritizing chips based on demand,
and altering product designs to use the available chips,
but Burkacky believes more production facilities will be needed in the future.
Burkacky: Artificial intelligence needs semiconductors, right?
Smart things. I would call it the decade of semiconductors is now in front of us.