Hey everyone, with the last video we talked about labialization, that's where we ended,
and I want to pick up with our other syllables.
So the first one I want to talk about are syllabics, so a syllabic is going
to be a vowel or vowel like consonant that functions as the hub or nucleus of
a syllable, they can only be the following consonants
/m, n , n, and l/.
Ok, so the M and N and L phonemes and what you'll do is you'll put a little
tick mark underneath the affected phoneme, you're going to hear this in things like
button so instead of having a second vowel the n in button is actually it's
actually working as a syllable itself, it is working like a vowel and consonant,
same thing in little and in the phrase it will do we can say it'll do so that L
is functioning as a syllable in itself. In addition we have the Glottal Stop,
so with the Glottal Stop that is at the level of the vocal folds at the
glottis, that space right between those vocal folds and basically you are
stopping airflow right there so it sounds like up like in the word uh
oh or mitten or a little without the vowel there so those are all
different instances of Glottal Stops. If we continue we also have something known
as the flap, it is an allophone or a variation of a T or a D phoneme and
basically it's a tap or a bounce of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, typically
you'll see it with words that maybe have 2 d's or 2 t's not always but a lot
of the times we see that, so for instance in the word ladder
instead of saying ladder we're saying ladder or butter instead of
butter or water instead of water so you can see there part of the reason we
use the flat is to continue having a conversation more quickly so this is
part of that coarticulation or changing sounds because the sounds around it will
influence that particular phoneme and we're able to speak more quickly when we
use substitution such as the flap. Okay. The next one is going to be forms of
lateral liquids, so we have a clear light liquid which is going to be a prevocalic
L-like in leaf and list so at the beginning words and then we also
have the dark lateral liquid and that's going to be the post vocalic so the end
of words like in the words dull and call. Okay, All right let's continue. Next, we
have, now that we've kind of talked about the diacritics and we've talked about
phonological processes we've also talked about coarticulation, assimilation, things
like that, the other part that helps us as far as communication and another big
part we want to make sure not to look over when we are looking at somebody's
language sample or speech sample or the super segmentals. This is going to be the
phonetic effect that extends over more than one segment in an utterance, so
remember we've talked a lot that speech is not just a string of phonemes, we
talked with emphasis, and emotion, and loudness, and rate changes, and all of that
add variety, spice, meaning, and melody to our utterances so those effects are what
super segmental are. On page 94 in your book is
this chart and this chart gives us a good idea of kind of the breakdown worth
super segmentals. So we have prosody on one side and then we have pair
linguistics on the other. With prosody you're looking at intonation, tempo,
rhythm, timing, and loudness, and then with paralinguistics we're looking at
vocal qualifier differentials and identifiers. So let's go through
those a little bit more, with prosody when we're talking about intonation
we're talking about the patterns that arising so rising falling and staying
flat it is a pattern of melody of pitch which changes within an utterance, we
also have tempo. Tempo is going to be the rate of speech,
typically we see that in syllables per minute or words per minute, you
will notice that the stressed vowels are going to be more preserved so if I say
the word camera but I increase the rate i'm going to say camera so that
unstressed vowel up in the middle gets omitted same, thing with support and if I
said support or support surprise can when we're saying it a little bit
quicker can change to surprise, surprise, surprise.
Ok. The next one is going to be rhythm, so this is the distribution of events of
time and languages will use different rhythmic units based on several
different things, language with stressed time rhythm intervals
between stressed syllables, those are going to be languages like English,
German, and Dutch. When they're syllable timed rhythms that means that the
syllable
has the same length regardless of whether they are also stressed and
that's in the Spanish and French languages and then we have more timed
rhythm which is more from the Japanese language. We also have timing so with
timing we can have pauses like when we want to mark boundaries between phrases
so I took a little break there and I paused, we can use pauses to when we're
trying to plan an utterance or to have kind of an anticipatory event so if I
said to a child
ready set and then I'm waiting I'm using that timing that anticipatory timing for
them hopefully to say go or whatever the word maybe that I'm interested in having
them repeat or say on their own.
There is also a boundary effects and those are going to be phonological
characteristics. The last one on this list is allowance, this is the perceived
magnitude or strength of the sound we can go from week or very soft all the
way up to strong or very loud.
Ok. Next I want to talk about paralinguistics, these are going to be
nonverbal properties of speech that convey information about the speaker's
emotion and attitude, they can be nonverbal but it doesn't necessarily
mean non-vocal, you can influence auditory patterns of speech so they can
even be discerned over the phone and
pure linguistics does include facial expressions and body language so one of
the it's a good example in your book it talks about like this group of college
students go on spring break and they're looking out the window and it is just
downpouring rain and the person says oh it's a beautiful day for the
beach,
well of course they're using irony and sarcasm and that tone is paralanguage, so
that's the use that use of statement
oh it's a beautiful day at the beach it's going to alter our received meaning
so that kind of an example of paralinguistics when we're talking about the
different types we have a vocal qualifier, that's going to be your tone
of voice, that's going to convey an emotion or certain attitude. You have
vocal differential that's your vocal expression of emotion including laughing
and crying and then finally the vocal identifier that's going to be a sound,
not necessarily a word, but it expresses meaning so if i use uh-huh
Oh or hmm
all of those are sort of words but not quite but they definitely convey a lot
of meaning.
Ok. That is it for the lecture for chapter 6 over super segmentals and diacritics.
I hope this gave you a little better idea of how we can take just the
phonemes, the stream of phonemes we've been transcribing, and really use narrow
transcription to give more information about how the speaker is saying the
particular phrase or conversation. So in your transcription project in your first
transcription project you're going to use broad transcription
but I do want you to pay attention to the coarticulation and make sure to
realize or pay attention to what sounds the person is actual using not what you
expect,
so remember we talked about with co articulation some of those sounds changed
because we say them differently when we're trying to talk a little bit faster,
remember that for the project that we want to make sure we are transcribing
what we it should be and then in transit
excuse me transcription project two, when we're talking about disordered speech,
then you're going to use more of these diacritics and this super-sick mental
characteristics and those will help you
identify how the speaker is saying something differently than you expect,
how are they may be there lengthening their sounds or maybe they're using some
of those phonological processes we talked about. So those are going to be
things that we'll talk about a little bit in-depth more in-depth for
transcription project two. If you have any questions regarding the super segmentals
or diacritics, please leave your question in the discussion board and i will
be happy to answer it.
Thank you so much.