Hey everyone! This lesson is on the signs and symptoms of kidney disease,
also known as renal disease, so in this lesson we're going to talk about a wide variety of signs
and symptoms we can see with early disease - so early kidney disease all the way up to
renal or kidney failure. So the first one I want to talk about here is urination changes,
so this makes sense if there's an issue with the kidneys we can have urination changes,
sometimes we may see increased or decreased urine volume. So in some kidney conditions we can see an
increased urination or increased urine volume, so patients may experience more frequent trips to the
washroom, so they have to urinate more frequently and then in some more advanced stages of kidney
disease we often see decreasing urination or decreased urine volume. Some other disease
states of the kidney can lead to foamy urine, so this means there may be protein in your urine,
and in some cases there may also be blood in the urine, called hematuria.
The next sign that we're going to talk about here is peripheral edema.
So peripheral edema looks like this, this is actually pitting edema, so if you
were to actually see an individual's legs here and you can see that there's
a lot of interstitial fluid in the tissues where it's not supposed to be, and if you actually push
your finger on that area and release you can see this pitting, this is what we call pitting edema.
So this is caused by fluid or volume overload - so this can ultimately be due to advanced kidney
disease, so if an individual is not urinating enough volume off or not losing enough volume
through their renal system, they can have volume overload, and this can lead to more volume or more
fluid in their interstitial areas and a lot of times we see this in the periphery so in their
lower limbs oftentimes. We can also see this with nephrotic syndrome - so nephrotic syndrome
is a case of kidney disease where there's a lot of protein losses, particularly loss of albumin - so
albumin is the most abundant protein in your blood that actually helps reabsorb interstitial fluid;
so it helps reabsorb fluid from your tissues where it's not supposed to be back into the
blood. But if there's loss of albumin as we may see in nephrotic syndrome, there's not going to
be enough albumin in the blood to actually help reabsorb some of this fluid that we see in some of
these cases. The next sign we can see with kidney disease is hypertension = so high blood pressure.
So this is again due to increased intravascular volume - so if an individual is not urinating
enough volume off of them they can have increased intravascular volume so increased volume or
increased fluid in their cardiovascular system, so we can see hypertension or high blood pressure.
And another symptom we can see with kidney disease is dyspnea or shortness of breath - this is often
again due to similar reasons. So again if there's volume overload, we can see peripheral edema,
hypertension and this can even lead to increased fluid or volume within the chest cavity (so
within the thorax) and the increased fluid can surround the lungs causing issues with breathing,
and we can also see some chest pain that may occur in these individuals as well. So some other
signs and symptoms of kidney disease include difficulty sleeping - so difficulty sleeping
because of increased toxins so individuals may complain of either not being able to get
to sleep or having issues during sleep or being very tired during the day and this leads into the
next symptom that individuals with kidney disease often have which is fatigue. So they can often be
very fatigued throughout the day there's a lot of daytime sleepiness,
and again this is due to increased toxins so because the kidney filters out and excretes
a lot of toxins. If the kidneys are not working properly toxins can increase leading to fatigue
and another reason why patients may be fatigued is secondary to anemia. We're going to talk about
anemia as a result of kidney disease in a moment - and the fatigue may
be related to what we just talked about difficulty sleeping, so sleeping issues,
increased toxins themselves can lead to fatigue and then there's also this anemia as well.
The next symptoms that an individual may experience are muscle twitching and spasms.
his is often due to electrolyte imbalances - so the kidney is very important in balancing
a lot of electrolytes in our body, and if there's electrolyte imbalances this can lead to issues
with muscle contractions and lead to spontaneous muscle twitching and spasms. Oftentimes we can
see low calcium and high phosphate with kidney disease so these can lead to issues with muscle
spasms and twitching. And we mentioned this before but we can also see anemia in kidney disease
so low red blood cells or low hemoglobin, and this is an anemia of chronic kidney disease. So
again this often occurs later in a kidney disease process - so chronic kidney disease - and this is
because the kidney produces erythropoietin or EPO ("EPO") and what erythropoietin does
is it actually stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (so erythrocytes), and as
the kidney becomes more and more damaged it has less and less ability to produce erythropoietin
so it actually produces less and less EPO or erythropoietin leading to less red blood cells
being produced leading to this anemia of chronic kidney disease - so this is why we see anemia in
chronic kidney disease. Now we mentioned that the kidneys are very important in excreting
many toxins and in balancing electrolytes and one particular toxin is urea, so the kidneys
normally filter and excrete urea. So urea is a breakdown product of protein metabolism,
and when there's kidney failure this leads to an increased urea in the
blood - what we call uremia. So increased, abnormally high levels of urea in the blood
and this uremia (this increased urea in the blood in our body) can lead to several different
very important signs and symptoms that we need to recognize. One of them is uremic pericarditis - so
uremia can lead to pericarditis "itis" for inflammation of the pericardium, the
uremia can cause inflammation of the layers of the pericardium along with some other metabolic toxins
as well. So we can see patients having chest pain, often positional and maybe pleuritic as well. And
uremia can also cause uremic encephalopathy - so we can see this in oftentimes more advanced
kidney disease so this encephalopathy can lead to an altered mental status oftentimes delirium
in these patients and confusion as well. And related to uremic encephalopathy is asterixis so
when an individual has uremic encephalopathy they can have this sign known as asterixis
so what is asterixis? It is actually a tremor flap at the wrist so what a clinician will do is they
will get a patient to put their arms straight out in front of them lift their wrist like so and get
them to close their eyes if the patient lets go of their hand or they lose control they're
not able to keep it in this position it falls here they will quickly bring it back up into
the original position this looks like a tremor flap that's why this is called a tremor flap
and this is often due to an interruption of the postural pathway in the reticular formation this
occurs bilaterally so we can see it in both hands and it is associated with metabolic diseases so
we can see it in uremic encephalopathy but we can also see it in liver diseases as well and another
symptom we can see in kidney disease patients is pruritis so pruritis is an itching sensation so
very itchy dry skin this is again due to uremia, so uremia can cause a patient to feel very
itchy on most parts of their body, and this will actually lead to excoriations, so scratch marks,
on many parts of their body, so we can see this as a sign of kidney disease as well. And this can
also be known as uremic pruritis. So an itching sensation caused by increased urea in the blood
and uremia can cause some other signs and symptoms as well including nausea and vomiting so patients
who are in an advanced stage of kidney disease are oftentimes very nauseous and don't feel very well.
This is again caused by uremia, and this can lead to anorexia or weight loss so patients can become
very thin again caused by uremia ultimately caused by this nausea and vomiting, so they have a very
low appetite or decreased appetite. Now another important point to note is platelet dysfunction,
and again this is due to uremia. So uremia can cause platelet dysfunction - so although
platelets may look like they are in a normal level or in a normal range
they may be dysfunctional and this can look like thrombocytopenia or a low platelet count;
so patients with platelet dysfunction secondary to uremia can experience increased gingival bleeding,
so increased bleeding of their gums of their mouth, increased cutaneous bleeding,
so if they cut themselves on their hand the bleeding may be difficult to stop,
epistaxis, so a nose bleed, petechiae and purpura are these little red
and purple spots on the skin - so this is superficial bleeding within the skin
and easy bruising so they can gently hit their arm on a surface and it can be bruised
quite easily. So these are all signs of platelet dysfunction. So again platelet dysfunction
secondary to uremia - we see gingival bleeding, cutaneous bleeding, epistaxis, petechia, purpura
and easy bruising, and we can also see increased risk of excessive bleeding in
cases like menstruation, during surgeries, and during and after childbirth as well. So I hope
you found this lesson helpful and informative. If you did, please give it a thumbs up and consider
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the associated signs and symptoms of those diseases, please check out my
lessons on those topics. Thanks so much for watching and i hope to see you next time!