Male voiceover: Well, here we are looking at Guercino's painting
of St. Luke painting the Virgin and Child, or St. Luke at the easel.
This is an interesting painting to talk about from several respects.
Female voiceover: Luke was one of the four evangelists -
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John [unintelligible].
Male voiceover: He was one of the four evangelists writing one
of the four gospels that makes up the Christian Bible.
Female voiceover: But, he was also a painter.
Male voiceover: He was also believed to be a painter and Christians of the time, and some today,
believe that he had actually painted first-hand images of Christ and the Virgin Mary.
So he, for that reason, is also the patron saint of artists,
because he was mostly known as being an evangelist,
but he was also thought of as being a painter [unintelligible].
Female voiceover: Yeah, you know it makes me think about the whole Christian tradition of making images,
and this desire to have the image connect directly to Christ and the apostles,
and to marry and not to have any distance between the image and the reality.
Male voiceover: Absolutely.
This painting is interesting from that respect, in that it shows Luke as an artist.
We also see in the background this inkwell with the [unintelligible] bowl,
that is the allegorical symbol for St. Luke, sitting on top of a book,
which we have to assume is the Gospel of St. Luke, one of the books of the Bible.
It shows him in this dual respect, and in that sense,
it's almost a rather traditional representation of St. Luke.
It's also interesting, because we could talk about this
as a very good example of a Baroque painting from the 17th century -
this is from the 1650s - because as in other Baroque paintings
that had started developing in the late 1500s, we have very naturalistic figures,
a sense of classisizing figures, and architecture and clothing.
Everything is relatively simple.
There's not a lot of things going on in the painting.
We have large figures in the foreground.
There's not a lot of distracting things in the background.
There's a rational sense of space, and depth, and light and so on.
For all these respects, formally speaking, it's a pretty traditional Baroque painting.
Female voiceover: Right, that makes sense.
Male voiceover: What's maybe most interesting about this painting is how we can also think of it,
to a certain extent, as a Counter-Reformation painting.
Female voiceover: Sort of reaffirming the importance of images for the church?
Male voiceover: Absolutely.
For the Catholic church, we can think of this painting as a response
that the Catholics are giving toward the Protestant Reformation.
For many decades at this point, for over a hundred years, the Protestant church,
especially in northern Europe, had been criticizing the Catholics
for many aspects of their devotion and religious practice.
One of the main targets of the Protestant critics was religious art.
Female voiceover: In fact, religious images were being destroyed in Protestant countries.
Male voiceover: In some parts, they were going around tearing paintings down,
gouging out sculptures' eyes, smashing and destroying things.
Female voiceover: Destroying images of saints.
Male voiceover: Exactly, because generally speaking, the criticism was that art was not good,
according to the Protestants, for religious purposes, because it was distracting.
You would be distracted by the artist's skill,
or the beauty of the painting, or the eroticism of the figures.
Female voiceover: You could even be fooled into worshiping the image iteself
instead of the ideas behind the image.
Male voiceover: The Protestants said that was a great, great danger,
that you could be so astounded by a painting by Leonardo
that you would end up worshiping the image more than the message was trying to convey.
Female voiceover: That does happen.
Male voiceover: Absolutely.
Female voiceover: People worship images and think that they have magical powers.
Male voiceover: Rather than images, the Protestants had said the primary focus of your devotion,
the primary tool for devotion and religious meditation,
should instead be text, the word of the actual Bible itself.
Female voiceover: Just saying that, in and of itself, is an attack on the church, because one of the things
that they were saying was that the church, in all of its practices and rituals,
had gotten away from what Christ actually wrote in the Bible,
and encouraged a going back and a close reading of the real text,
not just listening to the words of the priest and the practices of the church.
Male voiceover: Right, saying that the authority was the text itself.
It was written about Christ, rather than ...
Female voiceover: The Pope.
Male voiceover: [Unintelligible] archbishop telling you what to think.
Female voiceover: It was a pretty radical thing to say.
Male voiceover: It was very radical.
That's why they got in so much trouble.
Female voiceover: Big trouble.
Male voiceover: In any case, after decades of this Protestant criticiism, and the Protestant churches -
the Lutherans, the Calvinists, and so on - are growing stronger and stronger.
The Catholic church needed to formulate its response beginning in the mid-1500s,
and this is the period known as the Counter-Reformation.
One of the things that the Catholics do in the Counter-Reformation ...
Female voiceover: The Counter-Reformation means against the Reformation.
Male voiceover: Exactly.
It's the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation.
Some people even call it the Catholic Reformation,
rather than the Protestant Reformation.
One of the main points of the Catholic Counter-Reformation
is that they're justifying the use of art.
They're saying that art is an important religious tool,
and one of the most straightforward reasons that they claimed it was,
was that, of course, even though literacy had grown tremendously,
still most people did not know how to read.
The Catholics respond to the Protestants, "How can we tell people that the Bible
is their main devotional tool if they can't even read,
and if books are still relatively rare objects?"
Instead, they say - Catholics - that religious images, altar pieces in churches,
devotional images in your house, these are more useful than books
because everyone can understand what they're about.
They're immediately accessible.
You don't have to know how to read and,
as some people still say today, a picture can be worth a thousand words.
You can communicate things with images that are impossible
to communicate with written words on the page.
Here in this painting, what we have is not only a celebration of a painter -
St. Luke, according to Catholic belief - but this is really a very pointed,
a very rhetorical defense of painted religious images,
and it even suggests that painting is even more important than the written word.
Let's talk about how we see that in this painting.
Of course, we have St. Luke sitting at the easel with his palette and brushes.
Look how he turns, looks at the viewer and gestures
towards his painting of the Virgin and Child, as if to say,
"Look at what I'm doing.
"This is what I'm painting."
In the background, we have an angel looking over his shoulder,
looking pleasantly at the painting, representing Divine approvation,
as if God and the angels in Heaven ...
Female voiceover: [Unintelligible] him to ...
Male voiceover: Looking on approvingly, as St. Luke is painting this painting.
Female voiceover: Just like God inspired the gospels, so God inspired the painting [unintelligible].
Male voiceover: Absolutely, or at least approves of them.
Then, what else do we see in the painting?
Remember, of course, in a Baroque painting, nothing is included accidentally or for no reason.
When we look over at the right side, as we mentioned, there's this inkwell and the book.
Female voiceover: But, he's turned his back on them.
Male voiceover: The pen is in the inkwell.
The book is closed.
There's this weight on top of it, and as you said, he's literally turned his back
on the written word in order to focus on the painting.
Female voiceover: When you look at this, and you think, "Mary and the Christ child
"in this devotional image to inspire prayer", and you think, "Which is going to inspire prayer?
"This?"
Male voiceover: Right.
Female voiceover: Well, this works for me.
Male voiceover: Exactly, it's a very, very rhetorical image.
We need to understand this painting in terms of the dialogue, the conflict,
between the Protestants and the Catholics, in terms of the Protestants saying,
"Focus on the text," and the Catholics defending the use of images.
We should also add that the Protestants liked St. Luke quite a lot,
even though generally, they were a little bit averse to the cult of saints.
They did like St. Luke, as well as the other evangelists, because he was a writer.
Here we have the Catholics celebrating him as a painter.
It's as if they're saying, "Look, Protestants, you like St. Luke.
"You think he's a great hero because he was a writer,
"but he was also a painter and therefore, you cannot criticize painting," ...
Female voiceover: You deny the power [unintelligible].
Male voiceover: Because one of the great heroes of the church was a painter,
and made religious images according to their belief.
Female voiceover: It's the church continually needing to justify,
throughout its history at different moments, the use of images and their power.
Male voiceover: Absolutely.
Female voiceover: This image just speaks to that so perfectly.
Male voiceover: It's a very good example of that.