bjbj AbO7 The Aftermath of Dutch Colonialism in Indonesia Repatriation, Netherlands New
Guinea and the Moluccan Matter On 27th of December in 1949 Indonesia was granted independence
by the Dutch. The Netherlands had transferred sovereignty to the Indonesians. It made an
end to the Indonesian War of Independence that started right after the Second World
War has ended. If you think things were peachy now, you're wrong: it led to countless repatriates
and violent train hijackings in the Netherlands. In this video you're going to find out about
the aftermath of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. INTRO Welcome back everyone. If this is your
first time here, welcome to History Hustle. My name is Stefan, history teacher, hustling
history for you. Please consider subscribing and don't forget to hit the notification bell
to join the hustle. Let's start! Recap The Dutch East Indies was established in 1816
and over the course of the 19th Century the Dutch expanded their colonial rule. From 1900
Indonesian nationalists movements started to emerge. The Dutch colonial government saw
these political parties as a threat and carried out repressions. When the Japanese invaded
the Dutch East Indies early 1942 the Dutch colonial establishment was taken down. After
the Japanese occupation ended Indonesian nationalists led by Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta declared
the Indonesian Republic. The Dutch government therefore send soldiers to the archipelago
to restore order by force and take down the Indonesian Republic. The Indonesian nationalists
undertook a bloody guerrilla campaign and at some point the United States forced the
Dutch to seaze the hostilities or else they would stop the Marshall Aid. The aid that
was so vital for the Dutch economy to recover after the war. On 27th of December in 1949
Indonesia was granted independence by the Dutch. Indonesians internal affairs When in
december 1949 the sovereignty transfer took place the colonial relation between the Netherlands
and Indonesia was over. Many Dutch saw it as a defeat. The idea of the Dutch as good
parents educating Indonesia gradually towards independence was now shattered. In that sense
you can compare it with a child who leaves home earlier than expected. Yet, in order
to remain some ties the Netherlands-Indonesian Union was created: a confederal relationship
where the two states worked together on the area of foreign affairs, defense, finance,
economics and culture. Two times a year a conference would be held and the Dutch monarch
would be the head of this confederacy. This confederacy was dissolved by the Indonesians
in 1956 and had partially to do with the New Guinea Matter but I get to that later so keep
watching. The state that was created in 1949 was named the United States of Indonesia.
Where this came down to was that Indonesia was now a federal state in which the Republic
of Indonesia (the flag under which the Indonesian insurgents / freedom fighters depending on
how you look at it fought) was just one of the states within this federal state. There
were 15 other states as well. Interesting enough, if you look at the map and see where
the Republic of Indonesia in red. These lines resemble the lines during the Indonesian War
of Independence. Soon after the sovereignty transfer had taken place the Republic of Indonesia
made its move to incorporate all states in one. It lead to an armed clash with the moluccas
on the Ambonese islands. I will get to that in a second, so don't click away please. So
in 1950 the United States of Indonesia was taken over
by the Republic of Indonesia. Euforia among Indonesians was there, yet, the new republic
faced several problems: the Dutch had left behind no democratic tradition. However free
elections where held in the following years president Sukarno became more and more of
a dictator who spoke of Guided Democracy, which is somewhat of a democracy but not quiet
Guided Democracy is an interesting state form, do some research of your own on this and feel
free to leave a comment down below, like mentioned before, throughout the whole Indonesian archipelago
not everyone accepted the central government. We had the Ambonese to which we will get in
a second, please be patient and small self-proclaimed islamic states: on western Java and Aceh for
example, there were economic problems, the Indonesian currency dropped. It once would
be on the same foot more or less with the Dutch guilder, look at the difference in the
1990s for example, there were demographic problems: Java was overpopulated, widespread
corruption. Moluccan matter Let's take a look at the Moluccan Matter: in 1951 12.500 Moluccans
came to the Netherlands. Why? When the United States of Indonesia was dissolved the Maluku
Islands, with its main island of Ambon, did not wanted to be incorporated in the Republic
of Indonesia. See, the Moluccan were first of all christian and not muslim like the majority
of Indonesia and throughout the decades these people had worked with the Dutch colonial
government. Many of the indigenous soldiers of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
(the KNIL) were of Moluccan decent. They also fought with the Dutch against the Indonesian
republicans during the Indonesian War of Independence. With the Dutch giving up its claims on Indonesia
they too belonged to the losing team. But where would they go? Did they had to stay
behind in a country they were previously helped colonizing. Understand here that the term
Moluccan refers to the whole Moluccan archipelago and Ambonese refers to those who are from
Ambon, one of the island within the Moluccan archipelago. In 1950 the self-proclaimed Republic
of South Maluku (RMS) saw the light of day. Several months later forces of the Indonesian
Republic invaded Ambon to take down the RMS. They took Ambon after heavy fighting, yet
Moluccan fighters continued a guerrilla warfare on the nearby island of Ceram for another
13 years. Meanwhile the KNIL was dissolved and on that very moment over 3000 Moluccan
former KNIL fighters were on Java. They did not wanted to be demobilized, nor taking part
in the army of the Indonesian Republic. They were not allowed to get to Ambon since there
was fighting there and they most likely would choose the side of the Moluccan rebels so
yeah, where would they go? The Dutch government decided to take them to the Netherlands, with
their families, 12.500 persons in total. There they would be demobilized and housed temporarily.
Did you know they were housed in former German concentration camps? Anyway, they were promised
their own state. A promise the Dutch government could in no way live up to. In the years after
Indonesian independence many more Indo-Europeans those who were born by a mixed eltern left
for the Netherlands. These people were named repatriots, however most of them haven't seen
the motherland up until that point. The Moluccan Matter would have a bitter aftertaste in the
1970s where radicalized Moluccan youngsters perpetrated several terrorists attacks. Several
attempts to kidnap the Indonesian ambassador in the Netherlands failed, so did the attempt
to take the Dutch queen hostage. Yet, in December 1975 Moluccan youngsters hijacked a Dutch
train near Wijster. The train driver was shot dead and two more hostages shared the same
fate. The Moluccan terrorists later surrendered. This was the first train hijacking the the
Netherlands. Unfortunately it was not the last one. In May 1977 Moluccan terrorists
took over another train near De Punt and simultaneously a primary school in Bovensmilde. There the
children of the school were forced to shout "Van Agt, we want to live". Van Agt was the
Dutch prime minister at the time. It made a huge impact on the public. Meanwhile pressure
mounted. However the Moluccans did not shot any hostages this time the Dutch government
decided to step in by force. By that time all children had been released at the primary
school. Yet, in the train at De Punt people were still kept hostage. It was then and there
Dutch marines stormed the train and in the ensuing gun fight eight people were killed
among which six of the Moluccan terrorists. The hostage crisis had taken 13 days in total.
Till this day there is a debate wether these Dutch marines were ordered to shoot to kill
and that no prisoners had to be made. Feel free to post your insights down below. But
please, keep it civilized. Dutch New Guinee New Guinee is located in the east of Indonesia.
It was the western part of the Guinee island that, in the east was colonized by the British
(and Germans prior to WW 1) and in the west by the Dutch. Dutch New Guinee was the territory
the Dutch did not cede to Indonesia after the sovereignty transfer. You can consider
it as a consolation prise after the Dutch East Indies was no more. The Dutch saw it
as their mission to civilize the primitive people of New Guinee. Yet, Indonesian leader
Sukarno saw it as part of his republic. Sukarno also vowed for this, because it would draw
the public Indonesian attention away from the domestic affairs. It escalated at the
end of the 1950s. In the following years Indonesian marines infiltrated the area. Just like they
did during the times of the Konfrontasi in Sarawak. Check that video out. In New Guinee
Indonesian infiltrators clashes with Dutch troops who were stationed there. Would it
lead to a full scale war? The Americans intervened and states the Dutch would in case of a full
scale war would not be supported by the US. In 1962 the United Nations took control of
New Guinee and in the following year it was transferred to the Indonesian Republic. Dutch
colonialism in the Fast East had come to a definitive end. Back in 2016 I did some extensive
travelling in Indonesia. I would like to visit Indonesian areas like Ambon and New Guinee
as well. For that I ask you to check me out on Patreon, because with your donations I
can make that happen. If you wanna know more about Dutch colonialism and want to have an
overview of the Dutch colonial empire, check out this video. Do not forget to subscribe.
Thanks for watching & until next time. On 27th of December in 1949 Indonesia was granted
independence by the Dutch. The Netherlands had transferred sovereignty to the Indonesians.
It made an end to the Indonesian War of Independence (in Dutch known as: Politionele Acties) that
started right after the Second World War in Indonesia ended. First there were the United
States of Indonesia only to be taken over by the Indonesian Republic. Shortly after
12.500 Moluccans were transferred to the Netherlands. Many of the indigenous soldiers of the Royal
Netherlands East Indies Army (the KNIL) were of Moluccan decent. They also fought with
the Dutch against the Indonesian republicans during the Indonesian War of Independence.
Did they had to stay behind in a country they were previously helped colonizing? In 1950
the self-proclaimed Republic of South Maluku (RMS) saw the light of day. Several months
later forces of the Indonesian Republic invaded Ambon to take down the RMS. They took Ambon
after heavy fighting, yet Moluccan fighters continued a guerrilla warfare on the nearby
island of Ceram for another 13 years. In the 1950s more repatriates came to the Netherlands.
The so-called Moluccan Matter (Molukse Kwestie) would have a bitter aftertaste in the 1970s
where radicalized Moluccan youngsters perpetrated several terrorists attacks. Several attempts
to kidnap the Indonesian ambassador in the Netherlands failed, so did the attempt to
take the Dutch queen hostage. Yet, in December 1975 Moluccan youngsters hijacked a Dutch
train near Wijster. The train driver was shot dead and two more hostages shared the same
fate. The hostage crisis ended when the Moluccan terrorists surrendered. This was the first
train hijacking the Netherlands. In May 1977 Moluccan terrorists took over another train
near De Punt and simultaneously a primary school in Bovensmilde. It ended with an intervention
of Dutch marines. Netherlands New Guinee was the territory the Dutch did not cede to Indonesia
after the sovereignty transfer. The Dutch saw it as their mission to civilize the primitive
people of New Guinee. Yet, Indonesian leader Sukarno saw it as part of his republic. In
the following years Indonesian marines infiltrated the area. Just like they did during the times
of the Konfrontasi in Sarawak. Would this lead to another war between the Netherlands
and the Indonesian Republic? History Hustle at Home presents: The Aftermath of Dutch Colonialism
in Indonesia Repatriation, Netherlands New Guinea and the Moluccan Matter. ; pixabay.com;
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