present perfect.
Hi, today we are going to be looking at the present perfect tense in English.
This is a two part tutorial and I would recommend you see both parts to properly understand.
In this video we are looking at the form of the present perfect.
So, in affirmative sentences,
negative sentences and questions.
Next week there will be the second video on the present perfect
where we will look at how and when to use the present perfect
and most importantly the difference between the present perfect and the past simple.
We will also look at the difference between been and gone.
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So, let's look at the form of the present perfect.
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb "to have" and the past participle.
So with regular verbs, let's start there,
most regular verbs we simply add -ed to make the past participle.
So, work , becomes worked.
If the verb ends in "e" we add simply a "d."
So, dance becomes danced
If it ends in a consonant + y we change the "y" to an "i."
So hurry becomes hurried with -ied
and if it ends in a vowel + y we just add -ed.
as in stay, it becomes stayed.
If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel
at the end of the word, we double the final consonant.
So, stop becomes stopped: we double the p.
If the vowel is not stressed, we don't double it:
So, for instance open: the stress is on the "o", so we don't double the consonant.
and we just add -ed.
Finally, in British English the exception is with verbs ending in "l."
We double the last "l" even though
the last vowel is not stressed.
So for example we have travel,
we double the "l" to have travelled.
cancel - cancelled
Just a small note, in American English you would not double the "l" as they follow the stress rules already discussed.
So, let's look at affirmative sentences in the present perfect.
I have worked all day. This is have + past participle of the regular verb work.
You have worked all day. We have worked all day.
They have worked all day. But, the one that's different is
He, she and it HAS worked all day.
In spoken English we often contract these sentences to become:
I've worked all day. You've worked all day.
We've worked all day. They've worked all day.
But again the one that's different is "He's worked all day."
She's worked all day. And It's worked all day.
So now let's look at negative sentences.
I have not worked all day. The not comes between
the auxiliary have and the past participle.
You have not worked all day.
We have not worked all day. They have not worked all day.
And the last one is: "He/she and It has not worked all day."
This too is often contracted to the following form.
This is the most common one and the one that I would recommend you to use.
So, I haven't worked all day.
You haven't worked all day.
We haven't worked all day.
They haven't worked all day.
And He/she and It hasn't worked all day.
You can also say:
I've not worked all day.
You've not worked all day.
We've not worked all day.
They've not worked all day.
And He/she's not worked all day.
Now let's look at irregular verbs.
So remember the form of the present perfect is:
the present tense of have: so have or has + past participle
So for example: I have been to Mexico.
to be is an irregular verb.
or He has seen the movie.
You will find lists of irregular verbs in
most course and grammar books.
I have a link to a list of the most common verbs on my website
oxfordenglishnow.com down below in the comment section.
So, go and check that out. And you need to just learn these words, learn the forms as there is no rule to remembering them.
In the lists they have the infinitive, then the past simple then the past participle.
Sometimes, you'll find that the past simple is the same as the past participle:
Such as to buy. It's buy, bought, bought So, I bought a book. This is the past simple and
I have bought a book in the present perfect.
However, you'll often find that the past simple and the past participle are different.
So for example, the verb to go. To go and then went and gone in the past participle.
So, I went to London. This is the past simple.
Whereas, "He has gone home," is the present perfect.
So now let's look at questions.
So, here we are using the adverb "ever,"
as it is commonly used with questions about experiences in life in the present perfect.
We will see more about this in the second part of this video, next week.
So, "Have you ever eaten fish and chips?"
So the form is: has or have + subject + past participle and remember your question mark.
So, as with all questions the subject and the verb (here the auxiliary have) have been inversed.
Have I ever eaten fish and chips?
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
Have we ever eaten fish and chips?
Have they ever eaten fish and chips?
and finally, Has he/she/it ever eaten fish and chips?
Other types of questions are with the question words.
So that's: Why, what, who, where, when, which or how plus
have or has plus the subject plus the past participle.
So this is the normal order for a question
as we have just seem with the fish and chips
but this time you have a question
word at the front of the sentence.
So you could say:
Why have you bought a new phone?
What has he said about the party?
Where have you put your keys?
So, now it's your turn.
Change the verb in brackets into the present perfect.
a. I........ (walk) for an hour.
I have walked for an hour.
To make the present perfect we use have in the present tense plus the past participle.
Walked is a regular verb
so we simply add –ed to the verb.
b. She …... (forget) her bag.
Forget is an irregular verb. The past participle is forgotten,
so the sentence is: She HAS ( for the third person) forgotten her bag.
Change the sentence into the negative present perfect form. Use a contraction.
So, She saw Tom yesterday, but she …... ( see) him today.
She hasn't seen … This is a contraction
of has not seen. Has is the third person of to have and see is an irregular verb of which
the past participle is seen.
Last season we won a lot of football matches,
but this season.......... (win) any.
We haven't won any.
The present perfect is have plus the past participle.
To win is an irregular verb and the past participle is won.
Change the verb in brackets into a question in the present perfect
So, "Why ….. (he/ clean) the bathroom?"
We use has plus past participle. Clean is a regular verb so we just add –ed.
For a question we inverse the auxiliary and the subject. So, "Why has he cleaned the bathroom?"
b. ….. (ever/speak) to a famous person?
Have you ever spoken to a famous person? ¨
When you make a question in the present perfect you inverse the auxiliary "have or has" with the subject.
Have you and then add the past participle of to speak which is irregular and is spoken.
Remember to like this video and subscribe to my channel Oxford English Now so as not
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Click here for the second video on how to use the present perfect, just here.
OK, this will be out next week and
Thank you for watching.
present perfect