Less than a year after Hiroshima, the military began a series of classified experiments.
You are here to participate in an atomic maneuver.
The moment of explosion is less than a day away.
We could not tell our wives, our mothers, anybody.
My commanding officer said a guy would have
to be crazy to volunteer for that.
These atomic tests continued almost two decades, raising questions about the effect on soldiers
and whether the government downplayed the risks.
Which puts the finger squarely on one of the major fallacies in the public attitude toward
atomic weapons.
Safety equipment? I don't even know what that is.
The story of the atomic veterans is still playing out today, 70 years after it began.
We're falling sick, and they're trying to tell some us that it never happened.
The guys started saying we were guinea pigs, atomic guinea pigs.
The decks of the 73 test ships anchored in Bikini lagoon are scenes of feverish activity
as scientists plot experimental programs designed to furnish data on radioactive rays, flash
burns, and blast effects of the mighty atom bomb. Animals of many kinds are shipped aboard
the target vessels to serve as proxies for human crews...
In the summer of 1946, the first post-war atomic tests took place at Bikini Atoll. Military
leaders tried to calm public fears.
It will not blow out the bottom of the sea and let all the water run down the hole...
Operation Crossroads was designed to test how warships would hold up to a nuclear blast.
Ostensibly they wanted to see what would happen to those ships, but they weren’t going to
let the opportunity go by to see what happened to a bunch of men also.
Lincoln Grahlfs piloted a naval tugboat at the time.
We were told, ok, when you hear the countdown. Put your arm over your eyes. Here I am steering
the ship in single file following another ship and I'm told put my arm over my eyes.
3 ...2 ...1 Fire!
It was the biggest damned set of explosions I ever saw. It was... mind-bending.
Over the next 16 years, hundreds of thousands of military men would take part in nuclear
test shots. They were made to sign a secrecy oath to never discuss what they saw.
They said don’t tell anyone or you can be tried for treason.
Frank Farmer witnessed 18 atomic blasts while his ship was in the Pacific.
You feel the heat blast from it. It’s so bright, you actually see your bones in your
hands.
Yeah, your natural instincts would say ‘run away!’ but that’s not what we were told
to do. Four hours later we were in alongside target vessels with no protective gear whatsoever.
Lingering radioactive contamination was an invisible menace to any form of life at Bikini.
I was wearing a t-shirt and dungaree pants, and that’s all.
Not told of the risks, the sailors were operating in fallout-contaminated water for weeks after
the tests.
You use that water to drink with, bathe with, wash your clothes in it. It's all just real
dumb. For people as smart enough to become admirals and presidents, you'd think they'd
have enough sense not to put you into something like that.
As the Cold War heated up, atomic testing expanded to American soil -- allowing the
military to assess new weapons quickly and develop strategies against possible nuclear
war.
In Nevada, military personnel were stationed closer to the blasts than ever before.
Five military observers stood directly beneath the burst indicating the safety of interceptor
nuclear rocketry to personnel on the ground below.
It is tremendous. It is directly above our heads. It worked! It worked!
A range of things were assessed to see how they would stand up to nuclear explosions…
A key concern for the military was how well troops could continue to function.
To avoid trouble, get down, fast! If you stay down, so that the flying debris can sail over
you, you can protect yourself completely from atomic blast.
My husband was in one of the front trenches which I believe was about a mile maybe from
the blast. They were told not to look at the blast. And when the explosion went off,
Howdy said that the shock waves had made part of the trenches crumble around them.
Since the biggest value of the operation is for us to prove to ourselves that it can be
done. Psychiatrists are with us to study our reactions before, during and after the experience.
And then they were loaded up and taken to have lunch.
We have had proven to us that a soldier can fight and survive on an atomic battlefield
if he protects himself adequately.
Over the next few decades, even after the nuclear test ban treaty ended atmospheric
testing in 1963, the military would continue to insist that what the soldiers had been
through was safe... But among the atomic veterans doubt spread as some began to fall sick.
More and more I heard about guys that had prostate cancer and lung cancer and all kinds
of cancers.
I got boils all over my body. I'd get them here, I'd get them here. One set of boils
would go away, and I'd get another set of boils.
Some veterans believed that their radiation exposure even affected their children.
My daughter died of a malignant brain tumor at the age of 46. Her daughter was born
with a deformed foot. I wish somebody had warned me that if I had children, they might
be born with some defects. But nobody did.
Whether the tests were to blame was nearly impossible to prove, but among vets and their
families anger grew.
I believe I wrote about 535 letters of anger to see if somebody wouldn’t respond. I even
invited all of the senators and congressmen out to Nevada to have a picnic. If it was
so safe, maybe we should just turn it into a playground.
In the 1970 and 80s, risking prosecution by breaking their silence, some veterans went
public with their concerns.
Some of the military men who participated in atomic testing were up on Capitol Hill
saying again that they were the victims. They’re again asking for compensation.
Policy forces the so-called Atomic Veterans to prove that radiation suffered in the military
caused their illnesses and that’s not easy.
The government initially denied all compensation requests, insisting the radiation dose at
the test sites was low enough not to cause harm.
The Veterans Administration says the level of cancer among the veterans is not any higher
than that for the general population.
Some vets felt the government was covering up what it knew about their exposures -- using
pervasive secrecy and spotty service records as bureaucratic obstacles.
There’s a big joke among atomic veterans. Oh, they will wait until enough of us die
off and then they’ll pay compensation to the few that are left.
The fight for compensation would last almost as long as the Cold War itself.
In 1988, political pressure from atomic vets got Congress to finally pass a compensation
bill. And while it applied only to a limited number of diseases and covered a finite period
of time, the U.S. was starting to take a closer look at its nuclear past.
Today the Secretary of Energy, Hazel O’Leary, has begun to release some of the government’s
most closely guarded secrets about nuclear testing.
A presidential commission was formed to make public the hidden history of radiation experimentation
which included secret tests on civilians as well as those on atomic vets.
We were stunned, just stunned at the challenges that had been put in the paths of people who
were just trying to find out what happened to them.
In 1995, the committee’s report was ready for release.
We worked extremely hard over the last 18 months in order to inform you and the American
people about what really happened to radiation research subjects in the Cold War period.
We went out, we had this extraordinarily moving ceremony, the President made his remarks.
The United States of America offers a sincere apology to those of our citizens who were
subjected to these experiments, to their families and to their communities. When the government
does wrong we have a moral responsibility to admit it.
The President’s apologizing for the wrongdoing was very significant. Presidential or national
apologies are actually relatively few and far between. But it is true the report’s
release was completely trampled by the O.J. verdict’s coming out.
The trial of O.J. Simpson is over.
On television about the only station not carrying the verdict, the Weather Channel.
We were supposed to have been the entire segment of Nightline and we ended up being the last
maybe 45 seconds -- “and in addition today the advisory committee on human radiation
experiments released its report.”
It had taken fifty years for the government to come to this public reckoning, but even
among the veterans themselves, few noticed.
I wasn't aware of any apologies, not until you mentioned it just now.
I did not hear about it. I had people telling me “Well, they put it out over the radio
and TV.” I said, not on mine, I never heard it.
The United States government to this day...
Despite the government’s new openness, the battle is far from over.
A new generation of veterans is now fighting for recognition. In the late 1970s, army engineers
were sent back to the Marshall Islands -- the original atomic test site.
Bikini Atoll isn’t anybody’s idea of a South Pacific paradise. After all, it is
still radioactive.
They sent myself and thousands of others to ground zero, to try to clean up their mistakes.
Since the atomic tests, some Marshall islanders had been displaced, while others living nearby
suffered from high cancer rates, thyroid problems, and birth defects.
The U.S. government promised to make some of the contaminated islands habitable again.
We were the rock and rebar crew, that’s what they called us, because we picked up
concrete blocks, rebar, anything man-made.
Runit Island is now not only littered with large amounts of debris, but is also the island
having the highest residual radioactivity.
They told us that it would be basically like getting an x-ray done, they didn't talked
about the six months, 24-hours a day that we're exposed. My gut is that we were just
expendable.
The radioactive remains from the atomic tests were encased in a concrete dome. The clean-up
vets feel they’re similarly being swept under the rug.
The V.A. does not acknowledge us as atomic veterans though we went in and cleaned up
the mess of their testing.
While the V.A. has maintained that the clean-up vets’ radiation exposure was minimal, two
bills are before Congress to extend compensation to them.
And while nuclear weapons experiments continue, they are now done in highly secured facilities
with minute quantities of weapons-grade plutonium.
But the country still grapples with how to handle soldiers exposed to toxic materials
in the line of duty.
Whether it was World War II, Korea, Vietnam, Somalia. They wore the uniform. The least
we can do is take care of our men and women when they come home.
Mysterious illness called Desert Storm Syndrome...
The depleted uranium shell...
Exposure to open air burn pits...
I think that that's the insidiousness of it, is that it's still going on today. It's just
a new day, it’s just a different war.
‘Cause I mean we did it for the country. If it was for me I wouldn’t have gone over
there. When you sign up, you sign your life away and they should be able to recognize
people for that regardless what era they were serving in.