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The return-on-investment for vast majority of investors is substantially worse than the
stock market as a whole.
Two videos ago we looked at how the behavior of market timing, or trying to pick specific
stocks or funds, accounts for about half of this gap.
The rest we give away as costs.
Last video we introduced the idea that the best and lowest cost way to buy the whole
stock market is with index funds.
This is because the costs of actively managed funds make them very unlikely to beat the
total market index funds.
Only a small percentage of active funds outperform the total stock market index funds, and you
can't choose them in advance.
Moreover, that probability gets lower every year.
Three costs that I want you to be very aware of are sales charges, operating expenses,
and taxes.
A sales charge (or, Load) on purchases is exactly what you'd expect.
If there's a 5% sales charge, you write a check for $10,000 but only $9,500 gets invested
because $500 goes to the salesman.
Sometimes a back-end sales load is deducted from the redemption proceeds instead.
Too often, brokers or commissioned agents actually think they are helping you by recommending
to you recent top-performing actively-managed funds.
This is bad advice!
It makes other people wealthy instead of you.
When you can, buy from one of the big discount brokerage houses and look for low-cost highly-diversified
index funds without these sales fees.
These kind of funds are called no-load funds, or marked NTF for no transaction fee, although
there might be a footnote that restricts this to online purchases that are held longer than
some number of months.
Now here is the important number that I want you to remember from this video.
The annual recurring management fees is usually called expense ratio.
It's a funny term that you need to remember.
It is the percentage of a mutual fund's assets that the investment firm incurs for all of
its regular operating costs.
The cost of owning mutual funds is not limited to their respective expense ratios.
Transaction costs and market spreads are examples of additional costs a fund incurs every time
it buys or sells a security.
I only mention them because frequent trading is part of the reason that active mutual funds
underperform the total stock market.
Here's an example: the Total Stock Market Index Fund offered by Vanguard.
We can click on the Fees tab to find the expense ratio is 0.07% for this particular fund.
All funds must publish this.
If our total investment was only $10,000 then we would pay only $7 per year.
This is excellent.
They subtract that first and investors get what is left.
With mutual funds, it's not "you get what you pay for."
This is the key point: "You get to keep EXACTLY what you don't pay for."
What you pay as expenses comes directly out of your pocket.
So let's scroll down and see if there are any other fees listed.
This one has no sales charges.
Down here we see that sometimes there is an annual fee for the account but they point
out ways to avoid these as well.
These little percentages make a big difference!
Back here they show us how their expense ratio compares with the industry and how, if reinvested,
that could be worth nearly $2600 after ten years.
To understand the devastating impact of these costs, consider a 25 year old who invests
$100 per month in a Roth IRA until he is 65.
The left shows the amount he would earned using a historic stock market average captured
with a low-cost index fund.
The right shows the amount he would earn with the same gross returns, but a sales charge
of 60 cents for each $100 investment and fund expenses of 2% per year.
At age 65 he would have earned $210,000 less, and that difference would continue to get
worse.
Now if future returns are lower, then these costs take an even bigger bite out of what
you earn.
Clearly, costs matter!
Keep them low.
Unfortunately, some 401(k) plans do not offer any index funds at all.
In that case, look for the largest, most diversified funds with the lowest fees.
Now, some of your savings will be in a taxable account where (guess what!) taxes are the
third big cost that dramatically affects your return.
We'll look at this in the next video
Find other explanatory videos, smart tips, and links to useful resources at FinancingLife.org.