Prince of Persia is a 1989 fantasy cinematic platformer originally developed and published
by Brøderbund and designed by Jordan Mechner for the Apple II.
In the game, players control an unnamed protagonist who must venture through a series of dungeons
to defeat the Grand Vizier Jaffar and save an imprisoned princess.
Much like Karateka, Mechner's first game, Prince of Persia used rotoscoping for its
fluid and realistic animation.
For this process, Mechner used as reference for the characters' movements videos of his
brother doing acrobatic stunts in white clothes and swashbuckler films such as The Adventures
of Robin Hood.
The game was critically acclaimed and, while not an immediate commercial success, sold
many copies as it was ported to a wide range of platforms after the original Apple II release.
It is believed to have been the first cinematic platformer and inspired many following games
in this subgenre, such as Another World.
Its success led to the release of two sequels, Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame
and Prince of Persia 3D, and two reboots of the series, first in 2003 with Prince of Persia:
The Sands of Time, which led to three sequels of its own, and then again in 2008 with the
identically-titled Prince of Persia.
== Plot == The game is set in ancient Persia.
While the sultan is fighting a war in a foreign land, his vizier Jaffar, a wizard, seizes
power.
His only obstacle to the throne is the Sultan's daughter (although the game never specifically
mentions how).
Jaffar locks her in a tower and orders her to become his wife, or she would die within
60 minutes (extended to 120 minutes in the Super NES version, which has longer and harder
levels).
The game's unnamed protagonist, whom the Princess loves, is thrown prisoner into the palace
dungeons.
In order to free her, he must escape the dungeons, get to the palace tower and defeat Jaffar
before time runs out.
But in addition to guards, various traps and dungeons, the protagonist is further hindered
by his own doppelgänger, an apparition of his own self that is conjured out of a magic
mirror.
== Gameplay ==
The main objective of the player is to lead the unnamed protagonist out of dungeons and
into a tower before time runs out.
This cannot be done without bypassing traps and fighting hostile swordsmen.
The game consists of twelve levels (though some console versions have more).
However, a game session may be saved and resumed at a later time only after level 3.
The player has a health indicator that consists of a series of small red triangles.
The player starts with three.
Each time the protagonist is damaged (cut by sword, fallen from two floors of heights
or hit by a falling rock), the player loses one of these indicators.
There are small jars of red potion scattered throughout the game that restore one health
indicator.
There are also large jars of red potion that increase the maximum number of health indicators
by one.
If the player's health is reduced to zero, the protagonist dies.
Subsequently, the game is restarted from the beginning of the stage in which the protagonist
died but the timer will not reset to that point, effectively constituting a time penalty.
There is no counter for the number of lives; but if time runs out, the princess will die
and the game will be over.
There are three types of traps that the player must bypass: Spike traps, deep pits (three
or more levels deep) and guillotines.
Getting caught or falling into each results in the instant death of the protagonist.
In addition, there are gates that can be raised for a short period of time by having the protagonist
stand on the activation trigger.
The player must pass through the gates while they are open, avoiding locking triggers.
Sometimes, there are various traps between an unlock trigger and a gate.
Hostile swordsmen (Jaffar and his guards) are yet another obstacle.
The player obtains a sword in the first stage, which they can use to fight these adversaries.
The protagonist's sword maneuvers are as follows: advance, back off, slash, parry, or a combined
parry-then-slash attack.
Enemy swordsmen also have a health indicator similar to that of the protagonist.
Killing them involves slashing them until their health indicator is depleted or by pushing
them into traps while fighting.
A unique trap encountered in stage four, which serves as a plot device, is a magic mirror,
whose appearance is followed by an ominous leitmotif.
The protagonist is forced to jump through this mirror upon which his doppelganger emerges
from the other side.
This apparition later hinders the protagonist by stealing a potion and throwing him into
a dungeon.
The protagonist cannot kill this apparition as they share lives; any damage inflicted
upon one also hurts the other.
Therefore, the protagonist must merge with his doppelganger.
Once they have merged, the player can run across an invisible bridge to a new area,
where they battle Jaffar (once the final checkpoint is reached, the player will no longer get
a game over screen even if time runs out, except if the player dies after the timeout).
Once Jaffar is defeated, his spell is broken and the Princess can be saved.
In addition, the in-game timer is stopped at the moment of Jaffar's death, and the time
remaining will appear on the high scores.
== Development ==
Development for the game began in 1985, the year Jordan Mechner graduated from Yale University.
At that time, Mechner had already developed one game, Karateka, for distributor Brøderbund.
Despite expecting a sequel to Karateka, the distributor gave Mechner creative freedom
to create an original game.
The game drew from several sources of inspiration beyond video games, including literature such
as the Arabian Nights stories, and films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark and The Adventures
of Robin Hood.
Mechner used an animation technique called rotoscoping, with which he used footage to
animate the characters' sprites and movements.
To create the protagonist's platforming motions, Mechner traced video footage of his younger
brother running and jumping in white clothes.
To create the game's sword fighting sprites, Mechner rotoscoped the final duel scene between
Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone in the 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood.
Though the use of rotoscoping was regarded as a pioneering move, Mechner later recalled
that "when we made that decision with Prince of Persia, I wasn't thinking about being cutting
edge - we did it essentially because I'm not that good at drawing or animation, and it
was the only way I could think of to get lifelike movement."
Also unusual was the method of combat: protagonist and enemies fought with swords, not projectile
weapons, as was the case in most contemporary games.
Mechner has said that when he started programming, the first ten minutes of the film Raiders
of the Lost Ark had been one of the main inspirations for the character's acrobatic responses in
a dangerous environment.For the Japanese computer ports, Arsys Software and Riverhillsoft enhanced
the visuals and redesigned the Prince's appearance, introducing the classic turban and vest look.
This version became the basis for the Macintosh version and later Prince of Persia ports and
games by Brøderbund.
Riverhillsoft's FM Towns version also added a Red Book CD audio soundtrack.
== Ports ==
After its release on the Apple II, Prince of Persia was ported to a variety of platforms.
Below is a list of the ports that were developed.
== Reception == Despite a positive critical reception, Prince
of Persia was initially a commercial failure in North America, where it had sold only 7,000
units each on the Apple II and IBM PC by July 1990.
It was when the game was released in Japan and Europe that year that it became a commercial
success.
In July 1990, the NEC PC-9801 version sold 10,000 units as soon as it was released in
Japan.
It was then ported to various different home computers and video game consoles, eventually
selling 2 million units worldwide by the time its sequel Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow
and the Flame (1993) was in production, and more than 2 million copies by 1999.Charles
Ardai of Computer Gaming World stated that the game package's claim that it "breaks new
ground with animation so uncannily human it must be seen to be believed" was true.
He wrote that Prince of Persia "succeeds at being more than a running-jumping game (in
other words, a gussied-up Nintendo game)" because it "captures the feel of those great
old adventure films", citing Thief of Baghdad, Frankenstein, and Dracula.
Ardai concluded that it was "a tremendous achievement" in gaming comparable to that
of Star Wars in film.In 1991, the game was ranked the 12th best Amiga game of all time
by Amiga Power.
In 1992, The New York Times described the Macintosh version as having "brilliant graphics
and excellent sound ... Sure, you could do all this years ago on a Commodore 64 or Atari
400.
But those games never looked or sounded like this".
Reviewing the Genesis version, GamePro praised the "extremely fluid" animation of the player
character and commented that the controls are difficult to master but nonetheless very
effective.
Comparing it to the Super NES version, they summarized that "the Genesis version has better
graphics, and the SNES has better music.
Otherwise, the two are identical in almost every way ..." Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM)
likewise assessed the Genesis version as "An excellent conversion of the classic action
game", and added that the game's challenging strategy and technique give it high longevity.
EGM's panel of four reviewers each gave it a rating of 8 out of 10, adding up to an overall
score of 32 out of 40.In 1991, PC Format named Prince of Persia one of the 50 best computer
games ever, highlighting its "unbelievably good animation".
In 1996, Computer Gaming World named Prince of Persia the 84th best game ever, with the
editors calling it "an acrobatic platformer with amazingly fluid action".
== Legacy == Prince of Persia would go on to influence
cinematic platformers such as Flashback as well as action-adventure games such as Tomb
Raider, which used a similar control scheme.
A few DOS games were created using exactly the same game mechanics of the DOS version
of Prince of Persia.
Makh-Shevet created Cruel World in 1993 and Capstone Software created Zorro in 1995.In
2007, Prince of Persia was remade and ported by Gameloft.
The remake, titled Prince of Persia Classic, was released on June 13, 2007 to the Xbox
Live Arcade, and on October 23, 2008 on the PlayStation Network.
It features the same level design and general premise but contained 3D-rendered graphics,
more fluid movements, and Sands of Time aesthetics.
The gameplay and controls were slightly adjusted to include a wall-jump move and different
swordplay.
New game modes were also added, such as "Time Attack" and "Survival".
The game has also been released on Android.Reverse engineering efforts by fans of the original
game have resulted in detailed documentation of the file formats of the MS-DOS version.
Various level editors have been created that can be used to modify the level files of the
game.
With these editors and other software, over sixty mods have been created.On April 17,
2012, Jordan Mechner established a GitHub repository containing the long-thought-lost
original Apple II source code for Prince of Persia.
A technical document describing the operation of this source code is available on Mechner's
website